托福听力真题原文+题目+答案：dual federalism and cooperative federalism

托福听力真题原文+题目+答案：dual federalism and cooperative federalism

托福听力真题原文如下：

Teacher: United States has what's called a Federal Government. In a federal system of government, the power to make laws and regulations is divided between a national government and smaller political units. States in the states.There's two view of how those powers should interact with one another. One view is called Dual Federalism. Dual Federalism holds that the national and state governments both have clearly defined powers, though the national government's power is quite limited.The other perspective, is Cooperative Federalism. Cooperative Federalism asserts that the national government's power over the state is not so clearly limited.In fact, that it's not clearly defined. At times national and state governments work together cooperatively, but the national government can also impose its power over the state. Why the competing points of view, after all, the United States Constitution spells out the powers of the national government,but the Constitution is a relatively short document. A lot of it is open to interpretation.

In fact, those who wrote it wanted it that way, to allow some flexibility. So actually passages in the Constitution could support either views of federalism.So, from time to time, there's clashes between dual and cooperative applications of federalism. And when that happens, the United States Supreme Court, the country's highest court, decides who has the power in a given situation; the state government or the national government. And decisions made by the Supreme Court are binding on the entire nation.Throughout much of U.S. history, until the 20th century, Supreme Court decisions generally favored Dual Federalism. Deciding that the National Government should not infringe on state power.。。。。。余下托福听力真题原文省略！

托福听力真题题目如下：

1.What does the professor mainly discuss

A、Why the United States chose federalism over other forms of government

B、How a federal government differs from a state government

C、Differing perspectives of a governmental concept

D、Economic trends that have affected decisions by the United States Supreme Court

2.What does the professor say about the writers of the United States Constitution

A、They favored dual federalism over cooperative federalism.

B、They were unclear about the role of the Supreme Court.

C、They wanted to minimize disputes between states.

D、They wanted the Constitution to be flexible.

。。。。。。余下托福听力真题题目及答案省略！

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托福听力真题原文+题目+答案：dual federalism and cooperative federalism