2020年7月25日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Europe’s Sewage Crisis

2020年7月25日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Europe’s Sewage Crisis

By the mid-nineteenth century,the growing populations of Europe's largest cities overwhelmed the systems that had been developed to provide water and remove wastes.London commissioned Sir Edwin Chadwick to investigate long-term solutions to pollution in the River Thames. ▋Chadwick advocated the development of an integrated network of sewers (underground channels for carrying off drainage water and waste matter)that would carry waste water to farms on the outskirts of the city.▋This idea drew on the knowledge that human waste was rich in nitrogen and phosphorus and on the recognition by European scientists that crops needed these chemical elements to grow.▋Chadwick also closely followed research being conducted on"sewage farms in Scotland and Berlin. ▋Researchers at these experimental farms showed it was possible to grow large quantities of vegetables and crops by applying sewage to the land.At that time,synthetic fertilizers were unknown,and the nutrients in the sewage gave the sewage farms large advantages over conventional agriculture. Using estimates from these initial projects.Chadwick reckoned that the sewage system and the pumps needed to move the wastes to farms on the outskirts of the city would grow enough food to pay tor themselves.

1.The word “conventional” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.local

B.previous

C.traditional

D.Alternative

2.It can be inferred from paragraphs 1 and 2 that Sir Edwin Chadwick's ideas about sewage farms were not adopted by the city of London because

A.it was not possible to grow large amounts of food on sewage farms

B.farms that used synthetic fertilizers could grow crops more cheaply than sewage farms could

C.sewage farms were too small to effectively dispose of the large amount of waste produced by London

D.a system to transport sewage out of London would be expansive and challenging to build

Despite support from the scientific community,Chadwick's ideas were criticized severely by engineers of the day as expensive and impractical,because a lot of extra piping and pumps would be required to send the sewage to the farms,The question of what to do with London's sewage continued to be debated until 1858,when an extended drought led to a low flow of water in the Thames and a two-year period known as"The Great Stink.when the smell of sewage overpowered all of the other odors of the city.Parliament, which met on the banks of the Thames,deemed that it was time to solve the problem.BY 1865,London’s sewage disposal dilemma was solved by directing the flow through a few main pipelines that dumped it into the Thames well downstream of the city.

3.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention that Parliament's meeting place was located on the banks of the Thames River?

A.To explain why Londons sewage problem continued to be debated for many years

B.To provide one reason why many people thought that Chadwick's solution to the sewage problem was impractical

C.To suggest that the river's strong odor may have influenced Parliament's decision making

D.To imply that the Thames importance as a national symbol prompted cleanup efforts

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