托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Pastoralism as a Way of Life

托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Pastoralism as a Way of Life

Pastoralism is a form of food production that involves the keeping of domesticated herd animals and influences both the social and economic patterns of the societies in which it is practiced.▋Pastoralism is found in areas of the world that cannot support agriculture because of inadequate terrain, soils, or rainfall.▋ However.these environments do provide sufficient vegetation to support livestock, provided the animals are able to graze over a large enough area. ▋Thus, pastoralism is associated with geographic mobility, because herds must be moved periodically to exploit seasonal pastures.▋

1.The word “exploit” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.change

B.travel to

C.make use of

D.arrive at

Some anthropologists have differentiated between two types of movement patterns: transhumance and nomadism. With transhumance, some of the men in a pastoral society move their livestock seasonally to different pastures, while the women, children, and other men remain in permanent settlements. With nomadism, on the other hand, there are no permanent villages, and the whole social unit of men, women, and children moves the livestock to new pastures. But as the anthropologists Rada and Neville Dyson-Hudson have pointed out, the enormous variation even within societies renders such a distinction somewhat ineffective. For example following seven Karamojong herds over a two-year period, the Dyson-Hudsons found that "each herd owner moved in a totally different orbit, with one remaining sedentary for a full year and one grazing his herd over 500 square miles."

2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following best describes the distinction between transhumance and nomadism?

A.Transhumance involves the movement of only some livestock at a time, while nomadism involves the movement of entire herds

B.Transhumance involves the movement of only some members of a social unit, while nomadism involves the movement of entire social units

C.Transhumance involves the participation of an entire social group in food production, while nomadism involves the male members in food production

D.Transhumance involves movement of livestock based on seasonal conditions, while nomadism involves movement based on housing needs of the social group

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