2017年9月17日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Regulation of Body Temperature

2017年9月17日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Regulation of Body Temperature

▋Most animals have an upper limit of body temperature at which they can survive. ▋In humans, for example, a body temperature of 41 degrees Celsius causes loss of protein function and breakdown of the nervous system, and a body temperature of 42 to 43 degrees Celsius is fatal.▋ Birds, which have slightly higher resting body temperatures than mammals(approximately 40 to 4 1 degrees Celsius compared with 35 to 38 degrees Celsius for most mammals), cannot survive at body temperatures above 46 to 47 degrees Celsius. ▋At environmental temperatures greater than 50 degrees Celsius, nearly all animals die. At the other end of the temperature spectrum, though, extreme cold is better tolerated. Fo example, Some animals can freeze and survive after thawing. Freezing/thawing is normally dangerous because ice crystals form Inside cells and rupture membranes. However, many insects, such as the woolly caterpillar, a few species of amphibian such as the wood frog, and a very small number of reptiles such as the painted turtle, can block crystal formation in their cells. They do this by responding to ice on their skin surfaces with an enormous outpouring of glucose from the liver. The glucose stored in the liver enters the blood and the cells, lowering their freezing point so that the cells do not freeze solid. These animals can have 65 percent or more of their bodies completely frozen for long periods, only to thaw during warm periods without harmful effects.

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is NOT true about the temperatures at which animals are able to survive?

A.Birds are able to survive at higher body temperatures than mammals are

B.Humans can survive at a body temperature of 42 degrees Celsius or higher.

C.Very few animals are able to survive environmental temperatures above 50 degrees Celsius.

D.Animals are generally better able to survive cold temperatures than hot temperatures

2.According to paragraph 1, some animals are able to survive extremely cold temperatures by

A.temporarily shutting down body organs such as the liver

B.forming ice crystals inside many of their cells

C.releasing substances that prevent skin surfaces from freezing

D.lowering the temperature at which their cells freeze

In the past, animals were classified into two categories. Cold blooded animals require an external heat source such as sunlight to warm themselves. By contrast, warm-blooded animals use internal heat to maintain their body temperature. These terms are misleading, however, because many cold-blooded animals can generate considerable heat by exercising their skeletal muscles. Indeed, many have a body temperature during daylight hours that is at least as warm as that of warm-blooded animals like birds and mammals.

3.When discussing cold-blooded animals, why does the author say that “many have a body temperature during daylight hours that is at least as warm as that of warm-blooded animals like birds and mammals"?

A.To suggest that cold-bloodedness has advantages over warm bloodedness in animals

B.To give one reason why, in the past, animals were classified as either cold-blooded or warm-blooded

C.To argue against the notion that, like warm-blooded animals cold-blooded animals can generate internal heat to maintain body temperature

D.To explain why the terms "warm-blooded”and "cold-blooded" are misleading for describing how animals regulate bod temperature

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