2016年11月13日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Parental Care by Frogs

2016年11月13日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Parental Care by Frogs

Only an estimated 10 percent of anuran (frog and toad) species provide any kind of parental care. But within this 10 percent there is very great diversity of caregiving behaviors. The behaviors are of five basic types. The most common type is attendance of eggs. In most cases, terrestrial eggs are attended. The other four types of parental care are transporting the eggs, attending young frogs or tadpoles (the immature stage of a frog’s development), transporting the tadpoles or young frogs, and feeding the tadpoles.

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of parental care in anuran species?

A.Most anuran species provide a wide variety of parental care.

B.Attendance of eggs laid on land is the most common form of parental care.

C.Tadpoles receive parental care more frequently than young frogs do.

D.Parental care is provided according to the various stages of development of offspring.

The term parental care is generally used for any type of parental investment in offspring after the eggs have been deposited or the young have been born. Only a few studies have investigated the costs and benefits of parental care in amphibians, so, while parental care presumably increases the survivorship of the young, and usually entails a cost to the caregiver, the costs and benefits for the vast majority of frog species that provide care to their offspring are unknown.

2.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A few investigations have been carried out that show the benefits of parental care in amphibians, and presumably parental care increases the survivorship of young frogs in most cases.

B.Presumably parental care benefits the offspring and has costs for the parents, but the costs and benefits are not known for the great majority of frog species.

C.Whether there are costs and benefits of providing parental care is unknown for the vast majority of frog species that provide parental care.

D.Because there have been few investigations of parental care in amphibians, and in frogs in particular, the vast majority of frog species that provide parental care have not been investigated.

How does parental care increase the survivorship of offspring? The parents may protect the eggs from predators or disease, or they may aerate aquatic eggs. Because the terrestrial environment is not hospitable to the porous jelly-covered eggs of amphibians or to tadpoles, parental behaviors may be particularly beneficial in preventing drying out. In some species the parent releases water from its bladder onto the eggs. Parents may turn the eggs, thus preventing developmental abnormalities. In New Guinea, male frogs of some species transport young on their backs. The tiny frogs hop off at different places in the habitat. Thus, the young may benefit from reduced competition for food, lower predator pressure, and reduced levels in inbreeding.

3.Why does the author mention that in some frog species “Parents may turn the eggs”?

A.To illustrate a behavior of parent frogs that can prevent damage to eggs from drying out

B.To support the idea that the terrestrial environment is not hospitable to amphibian offspring

C.To give an example of parental care that can increase the survivorship of offspring

D.To explain what happens when a parent releases water onto the eggs

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