2019年11月10日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Greek Revival

2019年11月10日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Greek Revival

After the Mycenaean Greek civilization collapsed around 1100 B.C.E., Greece endured a three-century-long Dark Age about which relatively little is known. But the year 776 B.C.E., which the winners of the Olympic games were first recorded, marks the beginning of a new period of Greek history, the Archaic Age (lasting to 500 B.C.E.), which brought a revival of culture, the economy, and political significance to Greece. During the relatively peaceful Dark Ages, populations had gradually increased to a point where Greece’s rocky and hilly soil could not produce enough basic agriculture products. One solution was to import additional foodstuffs. As a consequence, Greek commerce and production of trade goods expanded. In exchange for grain imported from Egypt and lands around the Black Sea, the Greeks traded olive oil, fine pottery, and silver. This explosion of commerce brought the Greeks into direct conflict with the existing Mediterranean trading power, the Phoenicians. The warlike Greeks constructed fleets of maneuverable iron-beaked fifty-oared ships called galleys, for which the unwieldy Phoenician two-decked warships were no match. The Greeks soon wrested control of important Mediterranean trade routes from the Phoenicians.
1.According to paragraph 1, what led to conflict between the Greeks and the Phoenicians?

A.Phoenician attempts to take over established Greek trading routes

B.Phoenician unwillingness to supply the Greeks with basic agricultural products

C.Increasing Greek involvement in commerce and trade

D.Greek use of warships to attack Egypt and lands around the Black Sea

2.Paragraph 1 suggests that the Greeks gained control of some important Mediterranean trade routes primarily by

A.offering superior trade goods

B.forming alliances with other Mediterranean powers

C.using military force

D.increasing the Greek population in areas surrounding these routes

A second solution to the overpopulation problem was to seek new farmland elsewhere. In a wave of colonization lasting roughly from 750 to 550 B.C.E., Greek cities established colonies on the shores of the Black Sea, the Adriatic Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea in North Africa, France, and Spain. Because colonists wanted access to the sea for trade, they occupied only coastal sites. The Greek city of Corinth, for example, founded the great city of Syracuse in Sicily. The most extensive immigration was into southern Italy and western Sicily, which became known as Great Greece. Colonies had the same culture, social structure, and government as the cities that founded them. Although they maintained sentimental ties to their mother city, they were completely independent. Because the colonists were mostly male, they found wives, and slaves, among the local populations whose land they had also taken.  A consequence of this intermingling was the spread of Greek culture, which became a common culture throughout the Mediterranean world and diffused into central Europe through the colony of Marseilles in southern France and into southern Russia via the Black Sea colonies.
3.The word “sentimental” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.significant

B.emotional

C.formal

D.traditional

4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.The intermingling of colonists with the local population led to Greek culture becoming a common culture throughout the Mediterranean world and spreading into central Europe and southern Russia.

B.The success of Greek colonies throughout the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions resulted in new colonies in southern France and southern Russia.

C.As a result of colonization, Greek culture began to intermingle with other cultures in the Mediterranean world to create a new common culture that spread as far as central Europe and southern Russia.

D.The intermingling of cultures that occurred in Marseilles and along the Black Sea encouraged Greek colonies to expand throughout the Mediterranean and central Europe.

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