2018年11月4日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Lighting in Museums

2018年11月4日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Lighting in Museums

♦The practice of reducing light exposure in museums was prompted by the publication, in 1978, of Garry Thomson's book, The Museum Environment. Thomson, the Chief Scientific Officer in the Conservation Department in the National Gallery in London, set himself the task of educating museums and their public about the risks involved in putting things on display. At that time, many people both inside as well as outside museums were ignorant of the extent of the damaging effect that exposure to light and fluctuations in humidity could have. Garry Thomson decided that since any light can, theoretically, be damaging, the lowest level of light that allows people to see should be applied to all objects in museums.

1.1.According to paragraph 1, the main purpose of Garry Thomson's book, The Museum Environment, was

A.to explain how to protect objects in museums

B.to convince museums to make their environments more attractive to visitors

C.to argue that the main purpose of museums is to educate the public

D.to explain why some objects in museums have been damaged while others have not

Research revealed that people could still see clearly at 150 lux (an extremely low, almost twilight-level of illumination), but Thomson felt that even that was too high an exposure for some materials, such as fugitive inks (inks that easily fade or break up in water and chemicals) on paper or fabric. He proposed a 50-lux level for the most light-sensitive substances. This level is dim by any standards, but Thomson maintained that the human eye could see well enough, if the visitor were allowed to accommodate to it, by moving through a series of chambers with decreasing illumination. Levels of 50 lux for light-sensitive material, and 150-250 lux everywhere else have been adopted as standard for many museums, even though it is rarely possible for the museum to arrange for the slow process of visual accommodation from daylight to low levels, and color values shift considerably at such low light levels, so that bright things appear a dismal, yellowy gray.

2.The word “maintained” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.Confirmed

B.Suspected

C.Proved

D.claimed

3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about fugitive inks on paper or fabric?

A.They cannot be seen clearly at 150-lux illumination.

B.They can be easily damaged by exposure to high illumination.

C.They are rarely displayed by museums.

D.They require special illumination to be visible.

4.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Many museums make efforts to arrange lighting in such a way that viewers can easily accommodate to the change from daylight to the low levels of light provided for light-sensitive materials.

B.Despite the problems associated with low lighting, many museums use levels of 50 lux for light-sensitive material and 150-250 lux everywhere else.

C.Color values shift so considerably at low light levels that bright things appear a dismal, yellowy gray.

D.D.Many museums have adopted levels of 50 lux for light-sensitive material and 150-250 lux everywhere else as standard lighting in order to best present color values

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