2018年11月10日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Spread of Indo-European Languages in Europe

2018年11月10日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Spread of Indo-European Languages in Europe

Most modern European languages belong to the Indo-European language family. having started as dialects of a common ancestral language many millennia ago. A particular concern of language historians has been the nature and timing of the Indo-European diffusion (spread) throughout Europe. Based on similarities among members of the family, linguists are agreed that the set of dialects could not date back over the many thousands of years that the archaeological record indicates modern human beings have lived in Europe. Rather, Indo-European speech at some point replaced the languages of earlier inhabitants of the region.

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following do linguists believe about Indo-European languages?

A.Indo-European languages have been spoken since modern humans have lived in Europe.

B.Indo-European languages comprise all modern languages spoken in Europe

C.Indo-European languages replaced the languages originally spoken in Europe.

D.Indo-European languages developed from a variety of ancestral languages.

Two principal models have been advanced to explain how one language can replace another. In one, known as the wave of advance model, a larger and technologically superior population gradually absorbs another by slowly encroaching on and occupying their territory, replacing the former languages with their own. No massive migrations are involved. only local ones at the frontier of the two cultures. The other, the elite dominance model, also postulates a society with superior technology, but one with in addition, a more sophisticated social, political, and military structure, which allows a relatively small group to dominate and impose its language on a larger one.

For some decades now, the latter model has been in the ascendancy where the origin and spread of Indo-European languages is concerned. Attention has focused on the region north of the Black Sea where a pastoral nomadic culture has been identified by its particular type of burial mound (the kurgan) in the fourth millennium B.c. This culture can be shown to have expanded ts territory over the next 1,500 years or so, and has been linked to the domestication of the horse and the invention of wheeled chariots. There is some disagreement in the dating of these events, but these Kurgan people have been claimed by many archaeologists to be an Indo-European people who swept into Europe and wiped out almost all traces of preexisting languages.

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