2019年12月14日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Wool Industry in Fifteenth-Century Europe

2019年12月14日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Wool Industry in Fifteenth-Century Europe

Cloth manufacture dramatically changed in fifteenth-century Europe. Production was moving out of urban workshops and into the countryside. In many Italian cities, masters of the wool guild (the wool trade association) controlled workers, salaries, and techniques, ensuring that quality, prices, and profit margins remained high. Industries in rural areas tended to be free of controls on quality or techniques. As a result, the production of light, cheap woolens, for which there was a significant demand, moved out of the cities and into the countryside. Rural production became the most dynamic part of the industry.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following was true of rural industries in fifteenth-century Europe?

A) They were more common in Italy than in most other European countries.

B) They were usually not subject to quality controls.

C) They moved from producing cheap to more expensive woolens.

D) They often manufactured goods that were not in demand in cities.

2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the putting-out system?

A) Work was typically performed on a full-time basis in rural areas.

B) Work could be done at equal cost in the city, suburbs, or countryside.

C) Merchants respected guild controls on manufacturing.

D) Merchants arranged work directly with artisans.

Especially in southwest Germany and parts of England, production was organized through the putting-out system. In this system, merchants who owned the raw wool contracted with various artisans in the city, suburbs, or countryside – wherever the work could be done most cheaply – to process the wool into cloth. Rural manufacture was least expensive because it could be done as occasional or part-time labor by farmers, their wives, or children during slack times of the day or season. Because production was likely to be finished in the countryside (beyond guild supervision), the merchant was free to move the cloth to wherever it could be sold most easily and profitably; guild masters had no control over price or quality.

3. Why does the author include the information that “there were over 3 million sheep in Castile alone”?

A) To help explain why English wool producers were no longer able to compete with Spanish wool produces

B) To suggest how difficult it was for Spanish wool manufacturers to find enough pasture for their livestock

C) To support a claim that merino sheep had become the primary livestock in Spain by 1500

D) To emphasize how successful unprocessed wool production had become in Spain by 1500

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