2019年6月1日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Control of the Seas

2019年6月1日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Control of the Seas

In the past, the oceans were regarded as common property, and fishers were free to go where they liked. Although islanders in the tropics and fishers in temperate waters often protected their local fisheries (or fishing areas) from outsiders, the ownership of marine resources rarely extended more than a few miles from land. From the fifteenth century until the 1970s there was little restriction on where fishing took place in the world's oceans. [Highlight]It may seem strange that countries fished so freely in oceans many miles from their home ports while hunters could not take terrestrial mammals from foreign countries without invading them, but the perception that land is owned and that the sea is open to all has persisted in many societies and for many centuries.

　　The concept of freedom of the seas had a powerful influence on the development of the world's fisheries. It was formalized in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries when world powers decided to resolve ongoing and expensive conflicts over trade routes by allowing multinational access. In 1609 Hugo Grotius defended Holland's trading in the Indian Ocean in Mare Liberum, and used fisheries to endorse his arguments for free access. He suggested that fish resources were so abundant that there would be no benefits from ownership and that large areas of national jurisdiction could never be defended. His argument prevailed, and freedom of fishing became synonymous with freedom of the seas.

。。。。。余下托福阅读真题省略！

1.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Though it may seem strange, for centuries anyone was free to hunt and fish wherever one liked, because most societies believed the land and sea were open to all.

B. The fact that hunters could hunt land animals freely only in their own country while fishers could fish freely anywhere reflected the traditional view that land is owned but the sea is open to all.

C. Although land mammals are owned by the country in which they are found, ocean fish swimming anywhere in the sea are owned by no one.

D. It seems strange that many societies have for centuries held the view that the land and the animals on it are owned.

2. The word "formalized" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. created

B. made official

C. made popular

D. Simplified

3.Paragraph 2 strongly suggests that an important reason for the early-seventeenth-century agreement by world powers to allow multinational access to the seas was that

A. conflicts over access had become unacceptably expensive

B. Hugo Grotius failed to defend the notion of national jurisdiction as part of his argument

C. world powers realized that fish resources were being reduced by the ongoing conflicts

D. by the seventeenth century the conflicts over the concept of freedom of the seas had ended

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