2019年10月19日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Glacial Effects

2019年10月19日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Glacial Effects

■Glaciers directly cause major changes to the land surface as they form, grow, and move across the land. ■But even just the mass of continental glaciers causes changes in the land surface, which is depressed by the weight of the ice as glaciers build up over the continental areas. ■In the last glacial cycle (a period of cold followed by a warmer period), very thick glacial ice over Hudson Bay in Canada depressed the land surface by over a thousand feet. ■This is a very slow process and it takes a long time for the land surface to be depressed by the weight of the ice. It also takes a long time for the land surface to rise back to its original level after the ice has melted. Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes are still rising today in response to glacial ice that melted 12,000 years ago.

A glacier is composed of ice, rock, and water. As it increases in size and starts to move outward, it becomes a very strong force in changing the surface of the land. Gravity moves the glacier with the rocks and boulders that the glacier picks up. These rock components in effect provide cutting tools to reshape the land, carving rock and soil from the land in some places and depositing rock and soil in other places. The glacier is tough on all living things, plowing down trees and destroying all vegetation in its path.

If the surface of the land on which the glacier forms is fairly flat, then the glacier moves slowly out in all directions as the glacial mass builds. Continental glaciers can move out for many hundreds of miles in each direction and grow many thousands of feet thick. However, when continental glaciers form in mountainous regions, they create much more dramatic changes. The vertical drop in the mountains is much greater, so that erosion from the force of gravity is much greater. The V-shaped valleys formed by water erosion of rivers are cut。。。。。余下托福阅读真题原文省略！

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Hudson Bay and the Great Lakes region?

A. They were covered by a thick layer of ice for 12,000 years following the formation of glaciers at the beginning of the last glacial cycle.

B. They were changed far more by the movement of glaciers across the land than they were by the weight of those glaciers.

C. They are the only areas where the land surface was depressed by the weight of glacial ice during the last glacial cycle.

D. They have not yet fully recovered from the effects of being depressed by the weight of glacial ice during the last glacial cycle.

2. The phrase "in response to" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. adding to

B. as a result of

C. replacing

D. without

3. According to paragraph 2, glaciers change the surface of the land they move over in each of the following ways EXCEPT

A. clearing the land of all grasses and other small plants

B. removing all soil off land surfaces in their path

C. moving rocks

D. destroying all trees

。。。。余下托福阅读真题题目原文省略！

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