2019年11月2日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Were Dinosaurs Altricial or Precocial?

2019年11月2日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Were Dinosaurs Altricial or Precocial?

The level of independence of dinosaur hatchlings--whether they were altricial (raised in the nest with parental care) or precocial (maturing outside the nests without parental care)--is uncertain. Insight may come from comparison with birds, the dinosaurs' living relatives. In altricial birds, such as the robin, the chick is not fully developed when it hatches. The pelvis is still made up of dense elastic tissue that is not bone, and the associated muscles and nerves are not fully formed either. As a result, altricial chicks cannot move around on their own and require parental care to keep them warm and to feed them. They have little or no covering of soft feathers and consequently have a difficult time maintaining an even body temperature.

This, however, is not necessarily bad because they can withstand low environmental temperatures. Initially their eyes are closed and do not open for several days. Complete development takes twelve to thirty-six days after hatching, by which time they may begin to fly. Until then, they are fully dependent upon the parents for food, warmth, and protection.Altricial birds typically nest in trees, where the chicks are safer from predators than they would be if on the ground.

Precocial birds, like the ostrich, nest on the ground. The hatchlings are like miniature adults and require minimal parental care. They hatch with their eyes open and have a soft feather coat that helps them maintain a constant body temperature. Their pelvis and muscles are well developed, and they are able to leave the nest almost immediately. Once they leave the nest, they are usually able to feed themselves, although how independent they are of their parents varies considerably among the species.。。。。余下托福阅读真题原文省略！

1. The word "ongoing" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. continuing

B. well-known

C. complicated

D. frequent

2. The author provides the information about robin chicks in paragraph 1 in order to

A. explain that dinosaur hatchlings developed at the same rate as bird chicks

B. explain how physical environment affects the growth and development of some hatchlings

C. attempt to draw conclusions about dinosaur hatchlings by examining one of their living relatives

D. emphasize how thoroughly bird parents protect their young from dangers

3. According to paragraph 1, which of the following best describes altricial birds after they hatch?

A. They cannot withstand cold temperatures.

B. Their pelvis is more fully formed than their muscles and nerves.

C. They have either no feathers or only a thin layer of them.

D. They are taught to avoid predators from twelve to thirty-six days after hatching.

。。。。。余下托福阅读真题题目省略！

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