2020年12月12日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Imitation in Monkeys and Apes

2020年12月12日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Imitation in Monkeys and Apes

Paragraph 1: Almost all animals learn novel tasks more easily if they can observe a knowledgeable demonstrator. Biologist Tom Langen trained individual magpie jays to pry open a door on a box that contained food. Subsequently, birds whose social groups included a demonastrator learned how to open doors much more rapidly than birds whose groups did not. Indeed, birds in groups that lack a demonstrator did not even realize that there was food in the boxes. Similarly, in captivity, many monkeys can learn to use rudimentary tools to obtain food, and they do so more quickly and accurately in the presence of a demonstrator. If monkeys learned like humans do, it would be safe to assume that the monkeys learn to perform the tasks by watching the demonstrator and imitating his actions. This would imply that the monkeys understand the demonstrator’s intentions and goals. But this does not seem to be the case.

1. The word “rudimentary” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O various

O special

O basic

O common

2. According to paragraph 1, Langen’s work with magpie jays demonstrated which of the following?

O Birds are easier to train individually than in groups.

O Birds sometimes learn things from watching each other that they would not figure out on their own.

O Birds learn more quickly and easily from a member of their own social group than from an outsider.

O With some training, birds are able to use simple tools to complete a task like opening a box.

Paragraph 2: Most animal species show very little evidence of purposeful copying by imitation. In the laboratory, monkeys are attracted to tools and often begin experimenting with them after observing another monkey do so, suggesting that social companions enhance and facilitate tool use. But learning about a tool’s use through “social facilitation” typically requires extensive practice through trial and error. As a result, different individuals adopt different idiosyncratic styles, and the spread of the skill is very slow. Although many monkey species can learn to use tools in captivity, there are very few examples of tool use in the wild. Capuchin monkeys, which inhabit Central and South America, are the only monkeys that regularly use sticks or stones to pry into trees or break open nuts under natural conditions. Capuchins also have comparatively large brains compared to other monkeys. The relative lack of spontaneous tool use in monkey species suggests that monkeys have difficulty recognizing the relation between actions and objects.

3. According to paragraph 2, after a monkey sees a social companion using a tool in a laboratory, which of the following is likely to happen?

O Unless it has previously shown an interest in the tool, the monkey will probably not pay much attention.

O The monkey will practice until it is able to copy its companion’s actions accurately.

O The monkey will decide to pick up the tool and experiment with it, using the tool in various ways.

O The monkey will first imitate its companion’s actions and then try to teach other monkeys about the tool.

。。。。。余下托福阅读真题及答案省略！

2020年12月12日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Imitation in Monkeys and Apes，10元有偿下载完整版！