2018年3月31日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Early Research in Organic Chemistry

2018年3月31日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Early Research in Organic Chemistry

Paragraph 1：The field of chemistry can be roughly divided into organic chemistry, which involves the chemistry of carbon-based compounds, and inorganic chemistry, which deals with all other elements and their compounds. The terms organic and inorganic, as adjectives applied to chemistry, were first used as chemical labels in the 1810s. Before this time, eighteenth-century chemists referred instead to animal, vegetable (plant), and mineral substances, corresponding to the three kingdoms of nature. Of the three, vegetable and animal substances were those produced by and found in living bodies, where their activity was related to the processes of life. Some chemists thought it reasonable to explore those processes chemically, whereas others were convinced that living processes were quite different from the nonliving reactions that they carried out in the laboratory. The former group included the chemists Lavoisier and Berzelius as well as many chemist-pharmacists and chemist-physicians throughout the eighteenth century. The latter group saw the chemistry of living bodies as beyond the reach of chemical investigation. But even those chemists who regarded the substances produced by living nature, by animals and vegetables, as proper subjects for chemical investigation made less progress in organic chemistry than they did in inorganic or mineral chemistry. That is not to say that they did not make significant progress; they successfully established the foundations for a chemistry of plant substances. But the chemistry based on the work of researchers such as Lavoisier and Berzelius was more successful - and succeeded earlier - in the inorganic realm.

1. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of chemists before the 1800s?

O They had not yet started to study the chemistry of living bodies.

O They mainly studied substances that were associated with the animal kingdom.

O They all studied both organic and inorganic substances.

O They did not yet use the terms organic and inorganic.

2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following correctly characterizes the accomplishments of eighteenth-century researchers who believed that organic substances could be investigated chemically?

O They were more successful in working with inorganic substances than with organic substances.

O They were highly successful in carrying out the investigation of organic substances begun by Lavoisier and Berzelius.

O Their investigations of animal substances were more successful than their investigations of plant substances.

O Their investigations of inorganic substances were less successful than those of researchers who believed that organic substances could not be investigated chemically.

3. The word proper in the passage is closest in meaning to

O important

O interesting

O appropriate

O necessary

Paragraph 2：There are several reasons why organic chemistry at first made slower progress than inorganic chemistry did. Inorganic elements and compounds can often be isolated in a reasonably pure state. Naturally occurring mineral ores may be a source of pure metals, salts, or oxides. In some parts of the world, sulfur exists in a pure state as an element. Atmospheric gases can be separated; other gases, such as hydrogen, can be obtained in reasonably pure form, for example, by the action of a mineral acid on a metal. The availability of pure substances, whether naturally occurring or produced in the laboratory, is an important prerequisite for the accurate determination of chemical formulas.

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