2019年5月11日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Development of Mass Transportation in the United States

2019年5月11日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Development of Mass Transportation in the United States

Before the development of cheap, reliable urban transportation in the United States(U.S.)，city size had been limited by the distance people could comfortably walk to work. In such "walking cities,"the radius rarely extended beyond a few miles, and people of all classes lived and worked close to one another By the end of the nineteenth century the walking city had metamorphose into the sprawling, segmented city. Economic function and income divided the city roughly into a concentric pattern. A central business district, or downtown core, where few lived, Was ringed by a manufacturing and wholesaling district, where immigrants and the working lower-income classes jammed into tenements and subdivided old houses. Beyond them was stretch of lower-middle-class to middle-class row houses or apartment buildings, where skilled, clerical, and some factory workers resided. Then came the fringes of the city, where professionals, managers, and businessmen retreated to their spacious homes, leading comfortable lives and tending their manicured lawns and shrubs away from the stench, noise, dirt, and push-and-shove of the city.

1.The word "segmented" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O rapidly expanding

O densely populated

O built up

O divided

2.According to paragraph 1,why was the radius of United States cities rarely larger than a few miles before the end of the nineteenth century?

O Manufacturing and wholesaling companies required relatively few workers.

O People needed to live within walking distance from work.

O Construction of houses, factories, and other buildings remained expensive.

O People had been more comfortable living close together before that period.

New means of transportation made possible the new urban geography of economic integration and social segregation. As early as the 1820s and 1830s such eastern cities as Boston, New York, and Philadelphia had operated horse-dray public carriers called omnibuses. Omnibus systems Spread rapidly through the 1850s, but the slow, heavy vehicles accommodated few passengers and high fares limited ridership. By mid-century, steam-powered commuter railroads were pushing city boundaries outward for the affluent. The New York Harlem Railroad connected the sub urban village of Harlem with New York.and the Chicago& Milwaukee Railroad linked communities such as Evanston. Wilmette and Lake Forest with Chicago.

3.According to paragraph 2, what did Harlem and the communities of Evanston. Wilmette, and Lake Forest have in common?

O They were among the first urban areas to be served by horse-drawn omnibus Systems.

O They were wealthy suburbs linked to nearby cities by steam-powered railroads.

O They were the first urban areas to struggle with economic and social segregation.

O They were settled during the 1850s.

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