2018年9月8日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Bird Songs and Calls

2018年9月8日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Bird Songs and Calls

Birds use song both in courtship and to define areas of territory. Both of these are communicative purposes: the bird is passing specific messages to other members of its species. Birds communicate for other reasons as well: a blackbird, for instance, will make a sharp "pink-pink" sound when there is a cat nearby, which warns other birds in the neighborhood of the danger.

William Thorpe(1961)studied the behavior of gannets in a colony containing many thousands of birds. ⬛ Thorpe found that when a bird was returning to its nest, it would drift on an updraft of air from the bottom of the cliff upwards, calling as it went. ⬛ When the bird on the nest heard its mate calling, it would call in reply, showing that each bird's call could act as an identification signal. ⬛ Thorpe also calculated that a bird might have as many as fifteen or sixteen different kinds of calls, each serving a different function.⬛

1.The word “calculated”'in the passage is closest in meaning to

O indicated

O estimated

O observed

O believed

J. R. Krebs(1976) investigated how birds seem to sing more intensively in the early morning--the”dawn chorus”. By investigating what the birds actually did during each day, and how much time they spent on each activity, Krebs found that the dawn chorus serves a largely territorial function. The early morning is not a particularly good time for gathering food, because it is dark, so visibility is lower, and it is also cold, so many insects are still inactive. On the other hand, at this time many birds move around looking for living space, so establishing and defending a territory is necessary. Birdsong is not just territorial, of course. A bird's song can serve a dual purpose: it can be used to defend a territory and by indicating to a prospective mate that the singer has a territory to defend, can also attract a female bird.

2.The word "investigated” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O noticed

O explained

O studied

O debated

3.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 3 about birds and food gathering?

O Birds become very territorial while they are gathering food.

O Birds are more likely to sing when gathering food is easy than when it is difficult.

O Most birds gather enough food for the day before they begin singing.

O Birds are less likely to sing when they are looking for food.

4.According to paragraph 3, why are birds concerned with defending territory during the early morning?

O This is the time of day when male birds without mates try to take away living space and mates of other males.

O This is the time of day birds and other animals hunt for insects.

O This is the time of day birds have to defend their homes from predators who attack in darkness.

O This is the time of day when other birds are looking for new places to live.

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