2021年12月3日家庭版托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Changes in the Art Market During the Late Nineteenth Century

2021年12月3日家庭版托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Changes in the Art Market During the Late Nineteenth Century

Today's market for European art has its roots in the nineteenth century. In 1882 the passage of the Settled Land Act reformed inheritance law in Britain. As a consequence of industrialization and the availability in Europe of large quantities of cheap American wheat, the fortunes of British landowners were in decline. After bankruptcies began to mount, the inheritance laws were changed, making it possible for landowners to support their landholdings by selling their art treasures. Until 1882, estates were strictly settled, meaning that the head of the family did not actually own the land and estate goods, but rather was entrusted to preserve and protect the family property. This was meant to hinder large estates from being sold off in sections. The Settled Land Act made it possible to sell individual portions of an estate, such as works of art, in order to save the real estate (land and buildings). The art treasures of the British nobility began to flow into London auction houses, shoring up their dominant position in the art market.

1.

What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about the finances of British landowners in the nineteenth century?

O Most of them went bankrupt after 1882.

O They made great profts as a result of industrialization.

O They earned less money from selling wheat than they had in the past.

O Other than their land, they possessed little of any value.

Besides the passage of this law, the early 1880s marked the public acknowledgement of French Impressionism, a revolutionary art movement that emphasized subjects from everyday life and the accurate depiction of light and its changing qualities. Prior to this, Impressionist artists had been regarded as radical, immoral individuals who had declared war on beauty. Impressionist paintings were not accepted by the Salon de L'Academie des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which had been since 1830 the most important exhibition forum in the world and was historically the guardian of traditional standards of French painting. ⬛In reaction to the conservative tendencies of this institution, a group of Impressionist artists in Paris organized their own exhibition in 1874. ⬛Reviews of the exhibition were mixed. ⬛But in 1881, the Impressionist painter Edouard Manet was named a knight of the Legion of Honor; in 1882, Paul Cezanne was allowed to exhibit his work for the first time at the Salon.⬛

2.Why does the author provide the information that “Edouard Manet was named a knight of the Legion of Honor”?

A To demonstrate that Impressionist artists gained some respect and acceptance in late-nineteenth-century France

B To give an example of a French artist who was not typical of the Impressionist movement

C To show the cultural divide in French society between the state and private art institutions

D To explain why French Impressionists changed their painting style in the early 1880s

3.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Salon de L'Academie des Beaux-Arts in Paris?

A It was one of the few organizations to support Impressionist painting from the very beginning of the movement.

B Its official exhibition in 1874 contained many important works by Impressionist painters such as Cezanne.

C Its main function was to introduce new art movements to the French art world.

D It did not exhibit the works of French Impressionist painters until 1882.

With the advent of Impressionism, the modern art market was born. Since most collectors rejected the Impressionists, especially early on, the usual paths for distribution were closed to these artists, and they had to find other ways to sell their pictures. The rejection, however, meant that the artists were not dependent on the tastes of potential patrons (wealthy supporters), and hence they began to see themselves as autonomous masters. This new approach also awakened a newfound respect for the art dealer, since the dealer had access to artistic genius and could open up 。。。。。余下托福阅读真题及题目答案省略！

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