2020年8月31日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Aztec Artisans

2020年8月31日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Aztec Artisans

Most of the material objects produced by the Aztec people of central Mexico during the Late Postclassic period (1350-1521) were manufactured in household settings by household members. Craft skills and knowledge, from weaving to metalwork, were passed from parent to child. Some objects were produced in small amounts strictly for household consumption, but many goods were produced in larger quantities and destined for market exchange. Specialization in the production of goods reached a high level of diversity and intensity during these times. ⬛ In part, this was possible because of the food surpluses created by increasingly intense systems of agriculture, complemented by an abundance of nonagricultural resources. ⬛ These surpluses released some persons, either partially or fully, from food-getting activities, allowing them to concentrate their time and energy in pursuing other production activities. ⬛ High levels of craft production were also related somewhat to the population surge in the Late Postclassic period, providing large groups of producers and consumers of goods. ⬛ And also in part,these specializations were stimulated and maintained by the increasing commercialization of the Late Postclassic period, facilitating relatively efficient and effective flows of raw materials and finished goods on local, regional, and extraregional levels.

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following was true of craft production among the Aztec people in the Late Postclassic period?

O Small objects were produced for household consumption, and large objects were produced for market exchange.

O Parents often sent children to the homes of others to learn the production of specific goods.

O The production of craft items that demanded exceptional skills took place outside the home.

O Some households produced goods in large quantities for markets where they were traded.

2.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph as factors that contributed to craft specialization EXCEPT

O access to training in skills and knowledge of craft production by workers outside the local region

O changes in agricultural practices that reduced the number of people needed for food production

O population growth that increased the number of people to make and buy things

O increased availability of raw materials from across the region and beyond it

Where artisans produced their crafts reflected, to some extent, their organization and sociopolitical context. Artisans were either "attached " or “independent." The former were situated in or near palaces, suggesting elite economic, social, and/or political relationships. This particularly applied to some luxury artisans who enjoyed the patronage(support) of the local ruler. These artisans were assured access to raw materials as well as guaranteed consumer. For instance, the Tenochtitlan-Tlate featherworkers attached to the Tenochtitlan ruler's palace enjoyed access to the ruler's aviary and stored tributes, and were specifically employed to produce ornate featherwork for the ruler's fine attire, for exquisite gifts for the ruler's diplomatic guests, and to adorn the god Huitzilopochtli. It appears that these highly esteemed artisans were resettled in or near the palace, yet it also seems that the household structure of production was maintained. That is, it is likely that entire households were relocated, allowing for the household's division of labor to be maintained Other artisans attached to the royal palace in Tenochtitlan included goldworkers and silversmiths, coppersmiths, painters, cutters of stones, greenstone mosaic workers, and woodcarvers, all of whom worked at or near the totocalli, or bird house.

3.The word “esteemed" in the passage is closest in meaning to

O trained

O fortunate

O respected

O specialized

4.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the Tenochtitlan-Tlatelolco featherworkers attached to the ruler's palace?

O They were forced to leave their families behind when they moved into the palace.

O They were able to obtain the feathers they needed from the ruler's own supply.

O They mostly produced featherwork for trade outside the palace.

O They typically worked inside the palace and lived outside it.

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