2021年1月9日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Recognizing Social Play in Animals

2021年1月9日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Recognizing Social Play in Animals

Many animals engage in some type of social play-that is, playing with others including chasing and fighting. Three functions of social play have been proposed: Social play may(1)lead to the forging of long-lasting social bonds, (2)help develop much needed physical skills, such as those relating to fighting, hunting, and mating, and (3) aid in the development of cognitive skills. One cognitively related benefit of social play revolves around the idea of self-assessment. Here, animals use social play as means to monitor their developmental progress as compared to others. For example, in infant sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), individuals prefer same-age- play partners. While this preference could be due to numerous factors, Kaci Thompson has hypothesized that it is primarily a function of infants attempting to choose play partners that provide them with a reasonable comparison from which to gauge their own development.

1.The phrase “forging of” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O increase of

O support for

O creation of

O desire for

2.According to paragraph 1, young animals can judge how well they are developing by

O engaging in fighting with other members of their species

O establishing social bonds with individuals that have successfully developed physical skills

O participating in play with a large number of different play partners

O choosing to play with other animals that are close to them in age

Since many of the behavior patterns seen during play are also common in other contexts-hunting, mating, dangerous aggressive contests-how do animals know they are playing and not engaged in the real activity? And even more to the point how do they communicate this information to each other? Bekoff has proposed three possible solutions to this important, but often overlooked, question. One way that animals may distinguish play from related activities is that the order and frequency of behavioral components of play is often quite different from that of the real activity. That is, when play behavior is compared with the adult functional behavior that it resembles, behavioral patterns during play are often exaggerated and misplaced. If young animals are able to distinguish these exaggerations and misorderings of behavioral patterns by, for example observing adults that are not involved in play, a relatively simple explanation exists for how animals know they are playing.

3.According to paragraph 2, which of the following may signal that animals are playing rather than engaging in real activity?

O By repeating a single component of a behavior rather than including all of the components

O Performing actions in a different sequence than they are performed in during real activity

C Performing actions that are appropriate for younger animals but not the animal performing the actions

O Using certain behaviors only when adults are available to observe interactions among animals

A second, somewhat related, means by which animals may be able to distinguish play from other activities is by the placement of play markers. These are also known as play signals and can serve both to initiate play and to indicate the desire to continue playing and to warn adults that the young are playing and not in danger of injury. In canids(the animal group that includes dogs and wolves), for example, biting and shaking are usually performed during dangerous activities such as fighting and predation. Yet, biting and shaking are also play behaviors of young canids. Bekoff found that play markers such as a bow (lowering the head) would precede biting and rapid side-to-side shaking of the head to indicate that they were not dangerous behaviors. ⬛ The bow would communicate that this action should be viewed in a new context-that of play. ⬛ Another play marker might be a particular kind of vocalization-for example, chirping in a rat, whistling in a mongoose, panting in a wolf or a chimpanzee before or during a play interaction. ⬛ Or there might be a distinctive smell that indicated that the animals were engaged in play. ⬛

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