2021年3月2日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Greek Art in the Classical Age

2021年3月2日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Greek Art in the Classical Age

Greek art is thought to have reached its peak during the Classical period in the fifth century B.C.E. Leading up to this period, the most common type of sculpture were the kouroi, which were life-size or larger marble statues of nude males that stood on sacred sites, often as grave markers, but also as offerings to the gods. With very stiff, straight poses(they evidently were modeled after Egyptian statues), it is clear that kouroi were not intended to look like real people. However, by the early fifth century, the style of Greek artwork changed. The transition is usually symbolized by the Kritios Boy, a marble statue found in the center of ancient Athens and attributed to Kritios, a sculptor active in Athens around 490-460 B.C.E.⬛ It is dated by experts to just before 480 B. C.E. and represents Callias a victor in the boys' footrace in an athletic competition.⬛The changes from the traditional kouros are slight, but the boy is standing as a boy might actually stand, the right leg forward of the left, which bears the weight of the body so that the right can relax slightly not how artistic convention decrees a hero should pose. ⬛Yet this naturalness is achieved without the loss of an idealization (representation as perfect) of the human body. Here is, in the words of the art historian Kenneth Clark. "the first beautiful nude in art."⬛As John Boardman, an authority on Greek art, puts it: "This is a vital novelty in the history of ancient art-life deliberately observed, understood, and copied. After this all becomes possible."

1.The word “sacred”in the passage is closest in meaning to

O special

O highly visible

O ancient

O holy

2.Why does the author mention when discussing the Kritios Boy statue that “the boy is standing as a boy might actually stand”?

O To support the point that the difference between the Kritios Boy statue and the traditional kouros is only slight

O To emphasize that the Kritios Boy statue represents a victor in a boys' footrac

O To explain how the Kritios Boy statue reflects a significant change in the style of Greek artwork

O To suggest that the sculptor Kritios intended the sculpture to be an idealization of the human body

3.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph about Greek artistic traditions before the fifth century B.C.E.?

O Artists carved images of heroes who stood in very stiff, straight poses.

O Greek statues looked less like Egyptian statues than they did after the fifth century B.C.E.

O Sculptors observed and copied the appearance of individual real people.

O Sculptures were much larger than real people were because they represented Greek gods.

There are a few clues as to why this revolution in art, from the stylized to the observed, took place. One is that bronze was becoming the most popular medium in which statues were being created. (It has been suggested that the Kritios Boy is a copy of a bronze original now lost.) The technical problems involved in casting and assembling bronze statues had been solved by the end of the sixth century B.C.E., as the earliest examples show. From the Classical period on bronze predominated in Greek sculpture, but as almost every statue was later melted down so its metals could be reused it is hard to guess this today. The few bronzes to survive (the Riace warriors, the Delphi charioteer and the majestic Zeus found in shipwreck off Cape Artemisium foremost among them) simply highlight what has been lost in quantity and quality. Bronze allowed far greater flexibility in modeling the process of building up a figure in bronze is totally different from cutting into marble. As a wonderful exhibition at the Royal Academy in London in 2012, Bronze, also showed bronze can be burnished (smoothed and shined) to produce a wide variety of aesthetic effects that pure white marble lacks.

4. The word “assembling” in the passage is closest in meaning to

O putting together

O supporting

O moving

O planning

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