托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Transcendentalism

托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Transcendentalism

Reading Paragraph 1

Beginning in the 1820s, a new intellectual movement known as transcendentalism began to grow in the Northeast. In this context, to transcend means to go beyond the ordinary sensory world to grasp personal insights and gain an appreciation of a deeper reality, and transcendentalists believed that all people could attain an understanding of the world that goes past rational, sensory experience. Transcendentalists were critical of mainstream American culture. They reacted against the age they lived in where people were encouraged to act the same as others and argued for greater individualism against conformity. European romanticism, a movement in literature and art that stressed emotion over cold, calculating reason, also influenced transcendentalists in the United States, especially the transcendentalists’ celebration of the uniqueness of individual feelings.

1. According to paragraph 1, what did transcendentalists do?

a. They overreacted towards those who acted the same as everyone else

b. They protested the government for greater nonconformity

c. They celebrated individualism and nonconformity

d. They wrote articles in favor of a more rational culture

Reading Paragraph 2

Ralph Waldo Emerson emerged as the leading figure of this movement. Born in Boston in 1803, Emerson came from a religious family. His father served as a minister, and after graduating from Harvard Divinity School in the 1820s, Emerson followed in his father’s footsteps. However, after his wife died in 1831, he left the clergy. On a trip to Europe in 1832, he met leading figures of romanticism who rejected the cold, strict rationalism of popular 18th century Enlightenment thought, emphasizing emotion instead.

2. Which of the following is NOT true about Ralph Waldo Emerson?

a. He was one of the leaders of the transcendentalism movement

b. Like his father, he served as a minister

c. He went to Europe after his wife had passed away

d. He met critics of romanticism while visiting Europe

Reading Paragraph 3

When Emerson returned home the following year, he began giving lectures on his romanticism-influenced ideas. In 1836, he published “Nature,” an essay arguing that humans can find their true spirituality in nature, not in the everyday bustling working world of cities and industrial factories. In 1841, Emerson published his essay​ ​”Self-Reliance,​”​ ​which urged readers to think for themselves and reject the mass conformity he believed had ​taken root​ in American life. Emerson expressed concern that a powerful majority could overpower the will of individuals.

3. Why does the author say “his romanticism-influenced ideas”?

a. To show that his ideas were romantic in nature

b. To explain why he published his essays “Nature” and “Self-Reliance”

c. To show that his beliefs were inspired by the romanticists he met

d. To prove that his ideas came from other sources

4. The phrase taken root in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

a. Become abandoned

b. Been established

c. Been examined

d. Been discovered

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