托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Beginning of Organizational Psychology 

托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Beginning of Organizational Psychology

Reading Paragraph 1

Organizational psychology had its origins in the early 20th century. Sometimes referred to as industrial psychology, organizational psychology is concerned with how humans work and interact in various jobs and organizations. It was only later in the century that the field of organizational psychology developed as an experimental science. Unlike most other academic fields, business leaders immediately understood how research into worker psychology and productivity could have a positive impact on both the worker's well-being and the company's profit margins. Leading organizational psychologists of the early 1900s soon found themselves outside of the classroom and into the factories, conducting research.

1. What does the author say about organizational psychology in the first paragraph?

a. It is an area of psychology that immediately became an experimental science

b. It is a discipline that is better suited for companies and organizations than it is for schools

c. Business leaders believed this research could improve employees’ health and company gains

d. It is the most common field of psychology relating to business and workers

Reading Paragraph 2

From 1929 to 1932, Elton Mayo (1880–1949) and his colleagues began a series of studies at a plant near Chicago, Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works. This long-term project took industrial psychology beyond just employee selection and placement to a study of more complex problems of interpersonal relations, motivation, and organizational dynamics. These studies mark the origin of organizational psychology.

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about Mayo’s studies in paragraph 2?

a. They were one of the first studies in the field of organizational psychology

b. They took place in Western Electric’s Hawthorne Works

c. Their findings led to the discovery of organizational psychology in the workplace

d. They studied the complex problems of industrial employees

Reading Paragraph 3 Analysis of the findings by later researchers led to the term the Hawthorne effect, which describes the increase in performance of individuals who are noticed, watched, and paid attention to by researchers or supervisors. What the original researchers found was that any change in a variable, such as lighting levels, led to an improvement in productivity; this was true even when the change was negative, such as a return to poor lighting. The effect faded when the attention faded. The Hawthorne-effect concept endures today as an important experimental consideration in many fields and a factor that has to be controlled for in an experiment.

3. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

a. Good lighting increased productivity and poor lighting led to a decrease in productivity

b. Any change, positive or negative, resulted in increased productivity

c. Researchers found that darkening the lights improved worker’s productivity

d. Changing the lighting levels affected the productivity of workers

4. The word endures in the third paragraph is closest in meaning to

a. Continues

b. Changes

c. Ceases

d. Ends

Reading Paragraph 4

Frederick Taylor was an engineer who saw that if one could redesign the workplace there would be an increase in both output for the company and wages for the workers. In 1911, he put forward his theory in a book titled, The Principles of Scientific Management. His book examines management styles, personnel selection, and training, as well as the work itself, using time and motion studies.

。。。。。托福阅读真题及题目答案省略！

托福阅读真题+题目+答案：The Beginning of Organizational Psychology，10元有偿下载本篇完整版！