2015年1月31日托福阅读真题P1+题目+答案：Effects of the Commercial Revolution

2015年1月31日托福阅读真题P1+题目+答案：Effects of the Commercial Revolution 

In the third and the second millennia B.C. long-distance trade supposedly had the character of an expedition. By the start of the last millennium B.C., however, a new approach to engaging in such trade emerged. Based on the principle of colorization, it was pioneered by the Phoenicians and Greeks, who established colonies along the Mediterranean Sea. The new approach to long-distance trade, known as the commercial revolution, led to changes in a number of political and economic patterns.

1. The word “pioneered” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. adopted

B. described

C. demonstrated

D. introduced

For the first time, the planting of colonies in distant lands became possible. The Phoenician settlements in the central and western Mediterranean, such as Carthage, and the slightly later establishment of Greek colonies are early examples, while the settlement of south Arabians in Eritrea around the middle of the last millennium marks the subsequent spread of this sort of commercial consequence to the Horn of Africa. In the third or second millennia B. C., a state such as Egypt might colonize areas outside its heartland, such as Nubia. But this colonization comprised military outposts and ethnic settlements that were planted to hold the contiguous territories of a land empire, not distant localities far separated from the home country.

2. All of the following groups are mentioned in paragraph 2 as establishing distant trading outposts in the last millennium B. C. EXCEPT

A. the Greeks

B. the Egyptians

C. the Phoenicians

D. the south Arabians

3. The word “subsequent” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. initial

B. anticipated

C. later

D. increasing

4. In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the colonization of Nubia by the Egyptians?

A. To prove that colonization was first carried out by the military

B. To indicate that Egypt was a major military power in the third and second millennia B. C.

C. To illustrate how large the geographic area of colonization had become over several millennia

D. To show that the purpose of colonization during the third and second millennia

B. C. differed from that of the last millennium B. C.

5. The word “comprised” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A. resulted in

B. focused on

C. was inspired by

D. consisted of

The commercial revolution constructed the economic basis as well for a new kind of town or city, an urban center that above all serviced trade and was home to the crafts and occupational specializations that went along with commercial development. The urban locations of earlier times commonly drew trade simply because their populations had included a privileged elite of potential consumers. Such towns had arisen in the first place as political and religious centers of the society, they attracted population because power and influence resides there and access to position and wealth could be gained through service to the royal or priestly leadership.

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