2015年3月7日托福阅读真题P2+题目+答案：Mass Production: Method and Impact

2015年3月7日托福阅读真题P2+题目+答案：Mass Production: Method and Impact

The technological and managerial innovations of Thomas Alva Edison (the inventor of electricity) and the industrial leaders Andrew Carnegie (iron and steel) and John D. Rockefeller (oil) proved readily adaptable throughout United States industry, spurring marvels of productivity. Late-nineteenth-century industrialists often discovered that their factories produced more goods than the market could absorb. This was particular true in two kinds of businesses: those that manufactured devices for individual use, such as sewing machines and farm implements, and those that mass-produced consumer goods, such as matches, flour, soap, canned foods, and processed meats. Not surprisingly, these industries were trailblazers in developing advertising and marketing techniques. Strategies for encouraging consumer demand and for differentiating one product from another were an important component of the American post-Civil War industrial transformation.

15. The word “component” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A theme

B development

C part

D tool

16. According to paragraph 1, which of the following statements is true of Edison, Carnegie, and Rockefeller?

A They were famous inventors who became rich factory owners.

B They were the first to develop advertising and marketing techniques.

C Their ideas and methods were used to transform United States industry.

D Their companies produced mechanical devices and consumer goods.

17. According to paragraph 1, all of the following contributed to the industrial transformation in the post-Civil War United States EXCEPT

A a greater variety of consumer products

B new technological and managerial methods

C mass production of goods

D development of advertising and marketing techniques

The growth of the flour industry illustrates both the spread of mass production and the emergence of new marketing concepts. In the 1870s the nation’s flour mills adopted the most advanced European manufacturing technologies and installed continuous-process machines that graded, cleaned, hulled, and packaged their product in one rapid operation. These companies, however, soon produced more flour than they could see. To sell this excess, the mills thought up new product lines, such as cake flours and breakfast cereals, and sold them using easy-to-remember brand names.

18. According to paragraph 2, the new technologies used by the flour mills led the flour industry to do which of the following?

A Produce additional flour to export to Europe

B Adopt European methods of marketing flour to consumers

C Produce goods based on market research of customer needs

D Develop special new products with easily recognizable names

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