2015年4月12日托福阅读真题P1+题目+答案：Architectural Change in Eighth-Century Japan

2015年4月12日托福阅读真题P1+题目+答案：Architectural Change in Eighth-Century Japan

Japanese construction techniques and architectural styles changed in the eighth century C.E. from more traditional Japanese models to imported continental (especially Chinese) models. Several factors contributed to this, in particular with respect to the creation of two new capital cities. In essence, changes then occurring in Japanese political life were rendering past arrangements for the rulers’ headquarters obsolete, and continental models offered an alternative.

1. The phrase “In essence” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A Actually

B Basically

C However

D Moreover

To elaborate, before the eighth century, the elite marriage practice, which was an important instrument of political alliance making, had encouraged rulers to maintain multiple palaces: that of their own family and those of their spouses, who commonly remained at or near their native family headquarters, at least for some years after marriage. These arrangements had the effect of encouraging frequent changes in royal residence as children matured and marriage alliances changed. The customs of multiple palaces and a moveable court were feasible as long as a ruling group was modest in size and its architectural practices relatively simple.

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A The elaborate marriage customs of the elite encouraged spouses to remain at their family palace for several years after marriage.

B Rulers maintained multiple palaces for themselves and their spouses’ families.

C Before the eighth century, it was common for the elite to form political alliances with their spouses’ families at the native family headquarters for some years after marriage.

D Before the eighth century, the practice of forming alliances through marriage encouraged rulers to maintain palaces at their spouses’ family homes as well as at their own.

3. The word “feasible” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A practical

B customary

C acceptable

D supported

Moreover, because buildings using the traditional construction of thatched roofs and wooden poles placed directly in the ground rotted away in two decades or so, periodic replacement of palaces, shrines, warehouses, gate towers, and fortress walls was essential. The custom of residential mobility was thus not especially wasteful of labor and material resources: when the time came, one simply erected a new building at a new site—reusing valuable timbers as appropriate—and burned the rest. The practical necessity of replacement was given religious sanction because the regular replacement of buildings was regarded as necessary to provide spiritual cleansing of the site.

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