托福阅读真题+题目+答案解析+译文：Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe

托福阅读真题+题目+答案解析+译文：Population Growth in Nineteenth-Century Europe

Because of industrialization, but also because of a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible, Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer, healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples. In Europe as a whole, the population rose from 188 million in 1800 to 400 million in 1900. By 1900, virtually every area of Europe had contributed to the tremendous surge of population, but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change.

1.According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true about Europe in the nineteenth century?

A.A large increase in food production led to industrialization..

B.Population changes occurred at the same pace in the major regions..

C.The standard of living rose to the level of that in most parts of the world..

D.The tremendous rise in population led to greater agricultural output in every region.

1.正确答案：A

题目解析：

本题为事实信息题。题目问：关于 19 世纪的欧洲下面哪一项是正确的? A 选项：食物产量的增长导致了工业化。正确，因为第一段第一句话中说“a vast increase in agricultural output without which industrialization would have been impossible”，说明农业产出是工业化的先决条件，故 A 选项为正确答案。 B 选项：主要地区的人口变化节奏一致。错误，对应第一段最后一句中说的“but each major region was at a different stage of demographic change”，所以 B 选项与原文完全矛盾，排除。 C 选项：生活水平提高到和世界其他地方一样的水平。错误，对应第一段第一句话中说的“Western Europeans by the latter half of the nineteenth century enjoyed higher standards of living and longer, healthier lives than most of the world’s peoples.”通过这个比较级可以明显看出欧洲人民的生活水平更高，故 C 排除。 D 选项：人口的大量增长导致了各个地区农业产值的增长。根据第一段内容可知，是农业的发展，推动了人口增长。故 D 选项逻辑颠倒。排除。

Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century. New lands were put under cultivation, while the use of crops of American origin, particularly the potato, continued to expand. Setbacks did occur. Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until 1850, and they could lead to localized famine as well. A major potato blight (disease) in 1846-1847 led to the deaths of at least one million persons in Ireland and the emigration of another million, and Ireland never recovered the population levels the potato had sustained to that point. Bad grain harvests at the same time led to increased hardship throughout much of Europe.

2.According to paragraph 2, which of the following caused the food supply to increase in most of Western Europe during the nineteenth century?

A.Replacement of seventeenth-century farming techniques with more modern ones.

B.Improved grain harvests in most European countries.

C.Reduced demand for food as a result of a decreased population.

D.Use of new land to grow crops.

2.正确答案：D 题目解析：

本题为事实信息题。题目问 19 世纪西欧粮食产量增长的原因是什么?对应第二段第二句话“New lands were put under cultivation, while the use of crops of American origin, particularly the potato, continued to expand.”这句话说人们开辟新的土地用来耕种，种植本土作物的规模在不断扩大。D 选项：开辟新土地种植农作物，符合文意，故为正确答案。 A 选项：将 17 世纪的农场技术换成更先进的设备。错误，第二段只有第一句提到 17 世纪，“Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.”但这句话说的是食品供应的提升延续了自 17 世纪末开始的趋势，并没有提到技术，故 A 选项未提及，排除。 B 选项：欧洲大部分地区粮食增收。题目问的就是 19 世纪西欧粮食产量增长的原因是什么?而 B 选项又把题目复述了一遍，答非所问，故排除。 C 选项：由于人口下降，食品需求也下降了。错误，因为 C 选项属于农业失败所造成的结果，是第二段后半段的主要内容，与本题无关，属于无关干扰信息，故 C 选项排除。

3.In paragraph 2, why does the author mention the potato blight that occurred in Ireland?

A.To identify a crop that was more successful in the United States than it was in Western Europe.

B.To support a claim about regional agricultural failures.

C.To give an example of a problematic trend that had started in the late seventeenth century.

D. To provide evidence that many countries in Europe experienced a loss of population in the nineteenth century.

3.正确答案：B 题目解析：

本题为功能目的题。题目问：作者为什么要提到马铃薯晚疫病?例子肯定是为了支持或说明观点，所以我们往前找到观点句“Setbacks did occur. Regional agricultural failures were the most common cause of economic recessions until 1850, and they could lead to localized famine as well.”作者举“potato blight”的例子是为了说明农业失败所造成的 后果。故 B 选项正确。 A 选项：说明一种农作物在美国比在西欧的种植更加成功。错误， 土豆的例子不是为了说明种植农作物成功，相反，这是一次农业的失败，造成了很多人的死 亡，故 A 选项排除。 C 选项：举例说明从 17 世纪末开始的趋势是有问题的。第三段开头的 这 句 话 “ Improvements in the food supply continued trends that had started in the late seventeenth century.”只是为了说明食品供应自 17 世纪末以来一直在提升。而 “potato blight”是农业失败的例子，与 17 世纪以来的食品供应趋势无关，故 C 选项排 除。D 选项：提供证据证明欧洲的很多国家在 19 世纪人口下降。人口下降是“potato blight”导致的农业失败所造成的后果，是“potato blight”导致了“the loss of population”, 它并不是用来证明人口下降，所以 D 选项逻辑错误，排除。

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