2019年1月5日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Costs of Quitting a Job

2019年1月5日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Costs of Quitting a Job

Economic theory predicts that when the costs of quitting one’s job are relatively low, mobility is more likely. This observation underlines the analysis of the rise in quit rates during periods of prosperity, and the effects of mobility costs can be seen when looking at residential location and job turnover. Industries with high concentrations of employment in urban areas, where a worker’s change of employer does not necessarily require investing in a change of residence, appear to have higher rates of job turnover than industries concentrated in nonmetropolitan areas do.

1. According to paragraph 1, people are more likely to quit their jobs in which TWO of the following situations? To receive credit, you must select TWO answers.

A. They are living in good economic times.

B. They are moving from urban areas to non-urban areas.

C. They are living in urban areas.

D. They do not like their employers.

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Workers in urban areas change jobs less frequently than do those in nonmetropolitan areas because the costs associated with a change of residence are higher in urban areas.

B. Industries located in urban areas experience higher rates of job turnover than do those in nonmetropolitan areas because workers can often change employers without having to change where they live.

C. Industries located in urban areas tend to have lower rates of job turnover than do those in nonmetropolitan areas because they are more likely to invest in residences for workers.

D. Workers in urban industries are likely to change jobs more frequently than are those in nonmetropolitan industries because it is less costly for workers to change residences in urban than in nonmetropolitan areas.

Beyond the costs that can be associated with such measurable characteristics as age and residential location are those that are psychic in nature. These latter costs, though unobservable to the researcher, are very likely to differ widely across individuals. Some people adapt more quickly to new surroundings than others do, for example. Recent studies have found considerable heterogeneity among workers in their propensity to change jobs, with one study reporting that almost half of all permanent separations that took place over a three-year period involved a small number (13 percent) of workers who had three or more separations during the period (in contrast, 31 percent of workers had no separations at all during the period).

3. Why does the author note that “Some people adapt more quickly to new surroundings than others do”?

A. To argue that some people experience little psychic cost when they change jobs

B. To support the claim that the psychic cost of changing jobs is likely to differ widely between individuals

C. To illustrate why some psychic costs are unobservable to researchers

D. To argue that psychic costs alone cannot fully explain changes in mobility rates

4. According to paragraph 2, what do students reveal about the tendency for workers to change jobs?

A. It relates more to economic costs than to psychic costs.

B. It decreases with age.

C. It vanes greatly.

D. It increases over time.

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