2019年5月11日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Reconstructing Ancient Environments

2019年5月11日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Reconstructing Ancient Environments

1. A stage that is imperative in any archaeological process is the reconstruction of the physical environments in which a particular segment of the archaeological record was formed. Climates and the world's geomorphologythe shape and constituents of land surfaceshave changed greatly over the past several million years of human history, and each archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.

2. Ancient climates can often be reconstructed from floral and faunal remains. The study of animal remains, or faunal analysis, is a complex field in which, in most cases, the archaeologist is trying to reconstruct human diet and local environments. Faunal analysts usually count the numbers and kinds of animals represented by the remains they find, and then use statistical methods to estimate the food values, ages, and sexes of the animals being exploited. The prehistoric record of the meat-eating habits of early humans is far from clear about the prevalence of scavenging. One faction of prehistorians argues there is evidence that early humans were primarily scavengers who found the remains of animals killed by lions and other carnivores, and butchered them. Another faction disagrees and proposes that early humans hunted for their own meat. Marks left by humans cutting up animals with stone tools are now being analyzed to help distinguish between cases in which people butchered animals they had killed themselves and those in which they butchered animals they scavenged from kills of other animals.

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托福阅读真题题目：

1..The word constituents in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. components

B. locations

C. size

D. temperatures

2..According to paragraph 2, prehistorians disagree about which of the following

A. Whether humans hunted animals themselves or ate meat from animals killed by other carnivores

B. The number and kinds of animals humans ate

C. Whether lions and other carnivores were hunted by humans

D. Whether or not humans butchered animals to eat

3..Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Humans using stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.

B. Humans scavenged animals killed by other animals and butchered them using stone tools.

C. Tool marks on butchered animal bones are analyzed to help determine whether humans killed or merely scavenged the animals.

D. Analysis of the stone tools used by humans to butcher scavenged animals is now being carried out.

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