2015年7月11日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Individual Performance and the Presence of Others

2015年7月11日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Individual Performance and the Presence of Others

1. A person's performance on tasks can be enhanced or impaired by the mere presence of others, and a person's behavior as part of a group can be quite different from the person's behavior when acting alone.

2. In certain cases, individual performance can be either helped or hindered by the physical presence of others. The term social facilitation refers to any effect on performance, whether positive or negative, that can be attributed to the presence of others. Research on this phenomenon has focused on two types of effects: audience effects (the impact of passive spectators on performance) and coaction effects (the effect on performance caused by the presence of other people engaged in the same task).

3. In one of the first studies in social psychology, psychologist Norman Triplett looked at coaction effects. He had observed in official bicycle records that bicycle racers pedaled faster when they were pedaling against other racers than when they were racing against the clock. Was this pattern of performance peculiar to competitive bicycling Or was it part of a more general phenomenon whereby people work faster and harder in the presence of others than when performing alone Triplett set up a study in which he told 40 children to wind fishing reels as quickly as possible under two conditions: alone or in the presence of other children performing the same task. He found that the children worked faster when other reel turners were present than when they performed alone.

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托福阅读真题题目：

1..The word enhanced in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. interrupted

B. improved

C. influenced

D. hurt

2..What role does paragraph 1 play in the passage

A. It introduces a common opinion that the rest of the passage challenges on the basis of scientific evidence.

B. It explains why the passage focuses on actions people take individually rather than on actions people take as part of a group.

C. It offers a specific example of a general principle discussed in the rest of the passage.

D. It describes two phenomena, possible explanations of which are considered in the rest of the passage.

3..According to paragraph 2, the term "social facilitation" refers to the phenomenon that a person's performance

A. is intended to help someone

B. is influenced by the presence of other people

C. is evaluated by other people

D. has an effect on others working on the same task

4..The phrase peculiar to in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. damaging to

B. unique to

C. rare in

D. new in

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