2019年6月1日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Mating Songs of Frogs

2019年6月1日托福阅读真题+题目+答案：Mating Songs of Frogs

The calling or singing of frogs plays an important role in their reproduction—specifically, in helping individuals find and select mates. Sound has many advantages as a communication signal. When sounds are broadcast, the auditory receptors do not need to be in a particular orientation relative to the sound source in order to receive stimulation. Loud songs, particularly those made by choruses of frogs calling together, can travel long distances and thus attractdistant frogs. Sounds travel around large obstacles. These advantages are not found in the visual modality, where the receiver must be attentive and have its visual receptor orientated in the correct direction. Further, most frogs and toads breed at night, when light levels are low but sounds can be easily localized. We can conclude that auditory signals are used by frogs and toads because they can be effective over long distances at night.

1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following are mentioned as true of the mating calls of frogs EXCEPT:

A. They can reach frogs in far-off locations.

B. They are not blocked by objects of substantial size.

C. They are often combined with non-auditory signals.

D. They can be received without the frog’s needing to orient itself toward the directionof the signal.

2. The author provides information about "the visual modality" in order to

A. emphasize that visual information plays a significant part in frog breeding

B. explain why some frogs breed at night, while others breed during the day

C. indicate the resourcefulness with which frogs overcome obstacles in sound travel during the breeding process

D. argue that auditory signals have advantages over visual signals for frog reproduction

Male frogs do most of the courtship calling. Other male frogs can respond by adding their voices to form a calling chorus. Male frogs can also vocalize to each other as part of aggressive displays. Aggressive calls can be distinct from the advertisement calls used to attract females. Females can respond to male songs by moving toward the sound source or by selecting certain males as reproductive partners. In some species females also respond to males by calling: receptive pairs can even perform duets. Predators may also cue in on calling frogs as potential prey.

3. The word "potential" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. occasional

B. possible

C. easy

D. hidden

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