TPO56阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Urban Heat Islands

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TPO56阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Urban Heat Islands

Climatic changes such as changes in temperature, precipitation, humidity, or wind speed that are produced by urbanization involve all major surface conditions. Some of these changes are quite obvious and relatively easy to measure. Others are more subtle and sometimes difficult to measure. The amount of change in any of these elements, at any time, depends on several variables, including the extent of the urban complex, the nature of industry, site factors such as topography and proximity to water bodies, time of day, and existing weather conditions.

28.. The word “proximity " in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.distribution

B.contamination

C.exposure

D.closeness

The most studied and well-documented urban climatic effect is the urban heat island. The term simply refers to the fact that temperatures within cities are generally higher than in rural areas. The heat island is evident when temperature data are examined. For example, the distribution of average minimum temperatures in the Washington, D C., metropolitan area for the three-month winter period (December through February) over a five-year span, clearly represents a well-developed heat island. The warmest winter temperatures occurred in the heart of the city, while the suburbs and surrounding countryside experienced average minimum temperatures that were as much as 3 3°C lower. Remember that these temperatures are averages, because on many clear, calm nights the temperature difference between the city center and the countryside was considerably greater, often 11°C or more. Conversely, on many overcast or windy nights the temperature differential approached zero degrees.

29.Paragraph 2 supports which of the following statements about the temperature data for the Washington, D.C，area?

A.The data were limited to daytime temperatures.

B.A pattern was noticeable in less than three months.

C.The data were limited to the city and not the surrounding suburbs.

D.The data clearly demonstrated the presence of a heat island.

30.What can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the phenomenon of the urban heat island?

A.It occurs in rural areas to the same extent as urban areas.

B.It is influenced by variations in weather.

C.It increases the cloud cover over the city.

D.It produces a lot of wind at night.

31.According to paragraph 2, temperatures in the city and the surrounding areas are likely to beabout the same

A.during the months of December through February

B.when averaged over a five-year span

C.on clear, calm nights

D.on cloudy, windy nights

32.The word “impermeable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A.impenetrable

B.impermanent

C.unnatural

D.uneven

The radical change in the surface that results when rural areas are transformed into cities is a significant cause of the urban heat island. First, the tall buildings and the concrete and asphalt of the city absorb and store greater quantities of solar radiation than do the vegetation and soil typical of rural areas. In addition, because the city surface is impermeable, the runoff of water following a rain is rapid, resulting in a severe reduction in the evaporation rate. Hence, heat that once would have been used to convert liquid water to a gas now goes to increase the surface temperature. At night, while both the city and the countryside cool by radiative losses, the stone-like surface of the city gradually releases the additional heat accumulated during the day, keeping the urban air warmer than that of the outlying areas.

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