2014年4月12日第一篇托福阅读真题+题目+答案解析：Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth

4月12日的托福阅读真题分别为：Plant and Animal Life of the Pacific Islands、Water Management in Early Agriculture、Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth。刷真题的你，不要错过哦，毕竟真题还是会在重考的，机缘巧合下，它会出现在你的考卷中哦。

2014年4月12日第一篇托福阅读真题+题目+答案解析：Surface Fluids on Venus and Earth

A fluid is a substance, such as a liquid or gas, in which the component particles (usually molecules) can move past one another. Fluids flow easily and conform to the shape of their containers. The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times. These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself. As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials. On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids. Yet the movements of these fluids can drastically alter a planet. Consider Venus and Earth, both terrestrial planets with atmospheres.

1. The word “modify” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.obtain

B.change

C.replace

D.absorb

Q1.正确答案：B

解析：本题为词汇题。modify 的意思是“修改;改变”，单词在文中所在句 “As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials.”可以翻译为意思是“当这些流体与表面物质相互作用时，它们的粒子发生交换或者发生化学反应以改变或者创造新的物质。”下面我们来看选项： A 选项:obtain，意思是“获得”，意思不符，故排除。; B 选项：change,意思是“改变”，意思最接近，故为正确答案。 C 选项：replace, 意思是“代替”，意思不符，故排除。; D 选项：absorb，意思是“吸收”， 意思不符，故排除。

2. The word “drastically” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.gradually

B.permanently

C.extensively

D.possibly

Q2.正确答案：C

解析：本题为词汇题。drastically 的意思是“彻底地;激烈地”，单词所在句的大意是单词出现在第一段倒数第二句话。这句话的意思是“然而，这些流体的运动可以极大地改变一颗行星。”下面我们逐一来看选项： A 选项：gradually，意思是“逐步地，渐渐地”,意思不符，故排除。; B 选项：permanently,意思是“永久地，长期不变地”，意思不符，故排除。; C 选项：extensively,意思是“广大地，广泛地”，意思最接近，故为正确答案。 D 选项：possibly,意思是“可能地”,意思不符，故排除。

3. Paragraph 1 supports all of the following statements about fluids EXCEPT:

A.They can chemically react with particles on a planet’s surface.

B.Most of their mass does not flow but remains in place.

C.Their movements can reshape the surface of certain kinds of planets.

D.Their movements is driven by the Sun and by gravity.

Q3.正确答案：B

解析：本题为否定事实信息题。题干问得是关于流体不正确的陈述。，要选出与事实信息不符的选项。下面我们来看选项： A 选项：流体可以与星球表面发生化学反应。根据选项中的关键词“chemically”,定位到第一段倒数第 4 句“As these fluids interact with surface materials, they move particles about or react chemically with them to modify or produce materials.”这句话提到了流体可以与别的物质发生化学反应，故 A 选项符合原文，排除。 B 选项：流体的大部分物质是不会移动的，会留在原处。根据关键词“mass”定位到第一段倒数第 3 句“On a solid planet with a hydrosphere and an atmosphere, only a tiny fraction of the planetary mass flows as surface fluids.”这句话是说行星的物质中，只有一小部分物质是流体。而 B 选项说的是，在流体中，大部分的物质不会移动。所以所以 2 者所针对的对象不一样。其次，即使只看选项我们也能判断其不符合常识，因为第一段第 1 句就说流体的组成粒子会相互移动。因此，流体的所有组成部分都是会流动的。故 B 选项不符合原文，为正确答案。 C 选项：流体的移动会重塑行星地表。对应第一段第 3 句“The geologic processes related to the movement of fluids on a planet's surface can completely resurface a planet many times.”选项中“reshape”一词正好是原文中“resurface”的同义替换。故 C 选项符合原文，排除。 D 选项：流体的运动是由太阳和引力作用驱动的。对应第 4 句“These processes derive their energy from the Sun and the gravitational forces of the planet itself.”故D选项完全符合原文，排除。

Venus and Earth are commonly regarded as twin planets but not identical twins. They are about the same size, are composed of roughly the same mix of materials, and may have been comparably endowed at their beginning with carbon dioxide and water. However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun. With a significant amount of internal heat, Venus may continue to be geologically active with volcanoes, rifting, and folding. However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers. Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form. Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart. Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water. Without water, Venus became less and less like Earth and kept an atmosphere filled with carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals. Volcanoes continually vented more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. On Earth, liquid water removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and combines it with calcium, from rock weathering, to form carbonate sedimentary rocks. Without liquid water to remove carbon from the atmosphere, the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of Venus remains high.

4. The word “prohibit” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.prevent

B.speed up

C.affect

D.encourage

Q4。正确答案：A

解析：本题为词汇题。prohibit 的意思是“禁止，阻止”,词汇在文中所在句“The carbon dioxide... acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals.”的意思是“二氧化碳起到毛毯的作用，产生强烈的温室效应，使金星的表面温度变得高到足以熔化铅，并阻止碳酸盐矿物的形成。”下面我们再来看选项： A 选项：prevent，意思是“预防;阻止”，意思符合，故为正确答案。 B 选项：speed up，意思是“加速”，意思不符，故排除。; C 选项：affect, 意思是“影响”;，意思不符，故排除。 D 选项：encourage,意思是“鼓励，鼓舞”，意思不符，故排除。

5. According to paragraph 2, what is one difference between Earth and Venus?

A.Earth has less water in its atmosphere than Venus does.

B.Earth has a hydrologic system, but Venus does not.

C.Earth is less geologically active than Venus is.

D.Earth has more carbon dioxide than Venus does.

Q5.正确答案：B

解析：本题为事实信息题。题目问以下哪一项是地球与金星的不同之处。因为第二段整段都在描写金星与地球的不同，所以无法通过题干关键词进行定位，只能逐一来看选项： A 选项：地球大气层所含水分比金星大气层少。但是第二段中提到金星从太阳那里接收到更多热量，内部的水分被蒸发，所以失去了水。故 A 选项与原文信息矛盾，错误。 B 选项：地球有水文系统，而金星没有。根据关键词“hydrologic system”，定位到这句话“However, it lacks any sign of a hydrologic system (water circulation and distribution): there are no streams, lakes oceans or glaciers.”这句话提到金星上没有任何水文系统。再往下看，“Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but it was unable to keep its water in liquid form.”这句话说一开始金星和地球一样是有水的，但是金星无法将水分以液态形式保存。我们可以从侧面得出地球上有水。故 B 选项符合原文，正确。 C 选项：地球的地质活跃度没有金星高。第二段中确实提到金星上火山、裂陷、折叠等地质活动一直很活跃。但没有将它与地球金星比较，故比较关系不存在，C 选项排除。 D 选项：地球比金星有更多二氧化碳。根据第二段可知，我们只能知道金星的大气层“filled 的二氧化碳含量很高 with carbon dioxide”，而地球上因为有液态水可以去除一部分的二氧化碳，所以地球的二氧化碳含量略低，但无法知道地球和金星上二氧化碳总数谁多谁少，文中未提及比较关系，故 D 排除。

6. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that Earth evolved differently than Venus did in part because

A.there was more volcanic activity on early Venus than on early Earth

B.they received different amounts of solar energy

C.their interiors contained different amounts of heat

D.their early atmosphere contained different levels of oxygen and nitrogen

Q6.正确答案：B

解析：本题为推断题。题目问地球与金星演变方式不同的其中一个原因。是?根据题干中关键词“evolved differently”,定位到第二段中这句话“However, the twins evolved differently largely because of differences in their distance from the Sun.”由此得出，与太阳之间距离的不同，是导致它们演变方式不同的最主要原因。但是没有这个选项。那么我们就要推测，与太阳距离的不同，会导致什么结果?，也就是说得到的太阳热量不同，因为金星离太阳更近，所以它吸收更多热量，而地球与太阳距离适中，温度也较适宜。所以与太阳距离的不同，会导致 2 个星期温度的不同。而温度的不同，会直接决定行星上是否存在水，间接决定行星地貌。故 B 选项：它们吸收的太阳能量不同，是正确答案。再看其他选项： A 选项：金星早期的火山活动比地球早期要更多。文章只提到金星上火山活动频繁，没有将其和地球作比较，A 排除。 C 选项：它们所含的内部能量不同。文中未提及。 C 选项排除。 D 选项：它们早期含有不同水平的氧和氮。第二段只提到“Space probes suggest that Venus may have started with as much water as Earth, but ……”金星和地球早期都含有水，但没提到氧气和氮气含量，故 D 选项未提及，排除。

7. According to paragraph 2, all of the following played a role in keeping carbon dioxide levels high in the atmosphere of Venus EXCEPT

A.the breaking apart of water molecules by ultraviolet rays

B.the evaporation of water released from the planet’s interior

C.the escape of hydrogen into space

D.the release of molecules from melting metals such as lead

Q7.正确答案：D

解析：本题为否定事实信息题。题干问哪一项不是引起金星二氧化碳含量高的一个因素。我们根据选项中的关键词回到原文定位，用排除法来做题。 A 选项：紫外线会分解水分子。根据关键词“ultraviolet rays”定位到这一句“Because Venus receives more heat from the Sun, water released from the interior evaporated and rose to the upper atmosphere where the Sun's ultraviolet rays broke the molecules apart.” 故 A 选项在原文中有所提及，一旦没有了水，二氧化碳量就会持续增加。故 A 排除。 B 选项：从行星内部蒸发释放的水分会被蒸发。B 选项出处同 A 选项中的这句话。同理，B 选项排除。 C 选项：氢会逃逸到宇宙中去。根据关键词 “hydrogen”、“escape”定位到这句“Much of the freed hydrogen escaped into space, and Venus lost its water.”所以 C 选项符合原文，排除。 D 选项：从熔融的金属(例如铅)中释放出的分子。根据关键词“lead”定位到这句“The carbon dioxide acts as a blanket, creating an intense greenhouse effect and driving surface temperatures high enough to melt lead and to prohibit the formation of carbonate minerals.”但这句话说的是二氧化碳浓度上升后的影响——造成温室效应，使行星温度变得高到能熔化金属。故 D 选项不是造成二氧化碳量增加的原因，所以 D 是正确答案。

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