TPO62阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?

TPO62阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Is Perceptual Development an Innate or Socially Acquired Process?

[ Paragraph 1 ] Most developmental scientists now agree that both nature (genet ics) and nurture (environment) are essential for the normal development of perception. However, there is sti ll much dispute about the extent to which either nature or nurture is the more important factor. Points of view on this issue are more than just philosophical musings; they affect the kinds of experiments that are undertaken. I argue here that classifying particular aspects of perceptual development as either innate or learned presents us with an overly passive view in which either genes or environment imposes structure on the developing brain. In contrast, I suggest that perceptual development is better characterized as an activity-dependent process involving complex and subtle interactions at many levels.

1. The word "overly" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. unlikely

B. automatically

C. apparently

D. excessively

[ Paragraph 2 ] To begin to illustrate my point, let's consider some recent neurobiologica l work on the prenatal (beforebirth) development of the brain in rodents Neurons are specialized cells that transmit impulses or messages to other neurons, glands, and muscles. The neurons stud ied in these experiments are those involved in binocular vision. Experiments show that the prenatal tuning (tra ining) of these neurons arises through their response to internally generated waves of electrical activity. In other words, the response properties of these visual neurons are shaped by a "virtual environment" generated by cel ls elsewhere in the brain and eye. Although the term "innate" can be stretched to cover this example of development, we could equally well describe this process as the cells "learning" from the input provided. Further, after birth the same neurons continue to be tuned in the same way except that now their input also reflects the structure of the world outside. When we examine development in detail, it becomes harder to argue, as some theorists do, that "innate knowledge" is fundamentally different from learning.

2. The word "transmit" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. create

B. control

C. convey

D. clarify

3. According to paragraph 2, how does the tuning of visual neurons in rodents change after birth?

A. Tuning now occurs in response to internally generated electrical activity

B. Tuning now occurs in response to a "virtual environment" generated by cells in the brain and eye.

C. Tuning now becomes innate because the "virtual environment" disappears

D. Tuning now includes responses to outside stimuli.

4. What evidence does the author provide to support the claim that it is difficult to describe "innate knowledge" as fundamentally different from learning?

A. Visual neurons change in response to electrical activity from other parts of the brain or eye.

B. Visual tuning of neurons in rodents occurs after birth

C. Scientists do not fully understand how learning occurs after birth.

D. The process of developing binocular vision varies with individual rodents.

[ Paragraph 3 ] Another example of the role of activity-dependent processes in perceptual development comes from the ability to detect and recognize faces Because regions of the human bra in are specialized for processing faces, some researchers have argued that this ability is innate. However, experiments with infants reveal a more complex story. The tendency for newborns to look more toward faces turns out to be based on a very primitive, reflex like system that is triggered by a stimulus as simple as three high-contrast blobs in the approximate locations of the eyes and mouth. This simple bias is sufficient to ensure that newborns look much more at faces than at other objects and patterns over the fi rst weeks of life. One consequence of this is that developing circuits on the visual recognition pathway of the brain get more input related to faces and thus are shaped by experience with this special type of visual stimulus. We can now study this process by using new brain- imaging methods. Such studies have shown that the brains of young infants show lesslocalized and less -specialized processing of faces than do the brains of adults. It is not until they are one year old that infants show the same patterns of brain specialization for processing faces as do adults, by which time they have had as much as a thousand hours of exposure to human faces.

此处省略余下阅读真题原文！

前两篇阅读真题，请点击：

TPO62阅读真题+题目+答案下载：The Use of Jade and Bronze in China

TPO62阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Plant Adaptations to Cool Environments

完整版TPO62阅读(3篇)原文+题目+答案下载，5元有偿!