2014年5月11日托福阅读真题P2+题目+答案：Costs and Benefits of Dispersal

5月11日的托福阅读三篇真题，The Multiplier Effect、Costs and Benefits of Dispersal、Determining the Ages of the Planets and the Universe。相应的真题原文、题目和答案，我们一篇一篇分享。

2014年5月11日托福阅读真题P2+题目+答案：Costs and Benefits of Dispersal

In order to move from one home base to another, animals must expend calories not only while moving but even before the dispersal when they invest in the development of the muscles needed to move. For example, if a cricket is to leave a deteriorating environment and move to a new and better place, it will need large flight muscles to fly away. Presumably, the calories and materials that go into flight muscle development and maintenance have to come out of the general energy budget of the animal. This means that other organ systems cannot develop as rapidly as they could otherwise, which may mean that the flight-capable individual is, in some other respects, less fit to survive.

1. The word ”Presumably” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.It is reasonable to assume

B.It is possible

C.It can be argued

D.It is certainly true

2. In paragraph 1, the discussion of cricket dispersal is used to illustrate which of the following principles?

A.For dispersing animals, the benefits of dispersal exceed the costs.

B.Dispersal always involves costs for the dispersing animal.

C.Only animals with the greatest fitness for survival are able to disperse.

D.Dispersal, as much as organ development, requires energy.

Dispersing individuals not only have to pay energetic, developmental, and travel costs but are also more often exposed to predators—all of which raises the question, why are animals so often willing to leave home even when this means leaving a familiar, resource-rich location? This question is particularly pertinent for species in which some individuals disperse while others do not or do not disperse as far. One species in which some individuals travel farther than others is Belding’s ground squirrel. Young male squirrels travel about 150 meters from the burrow in which they were born, whereas young females usually settle down only 50 meters or so from where they were born. Why should young Belding’s ground squirrels disperse at all, and why should the males disperse farther than their sisters?

3. The word ” pertinent” in the passage is closet in meaning to

A.puzzling

B.important

C.complex

D.relevant

4. According to paragraph 2, what is of particular interest about the dispersal of Belding’s ground squirrels?

A.Young squirrels disperse farther than adults.

B.Young squirrels disperse even from resource-rich areas.

C.The males and females have different patterns of dispersal.

D.They leave the mother’s burrow at an earlier age than other squirrels.

5. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the phenomenon of dispersal

A.is difficult to observe in the wild

B.occurs for reasons that are not always immediately apparent

C.is motivated by the desire to obtain more or better resources

D.has few benefits for most species

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