2014年5月11日托福阅读真题P3+题目+答案：The Multiplier Effect

5月11日的托福阅读三篇真题，The Multiplier Effect、Costs and Benefits of Dispersal、Determining the Ages of the Planets and the Universe。相应的真题原文、题目和答案，我们一篇一篇分享。

2014年5月11日托福阅读真题P3+题目+答案：The Multiplier Effect 

The causes behind the rapid development of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations in the Aegean during the late third and second millennia B.C.E. have intrigued scholars for years. Until recently, most explanations attributed Aegean development to outside influence. Civilization had emerged in Mesopotamia by 3000 B.C.E, and, some archeologists argued, Mesopotamian trade introduced civilized ideas and technological innovations into nearby, less advanced areas. Others hypothesized that civilization was brought to the Aegean by invasion from some adjacent region, of which Anatolia in modern Turkey seemed the most plausible.

1. Paragraph 1 implies which of the following about traditional scholarship concerning the development of Aegean civilizations?

A.It focused on the influence of Aegean trade on more advanced civilization rather than the invasion of the Aegean by a technologically advanced culture.

B.The development of Minoan civilization was thought to require a different explanation from that for the development of Mycenaean civilization.

C.It maintained that the rapid development of Aegean civilization could be explained only through external influence.

D.There was general agreement that Anatolia and Mesopotamia were both responsible for the development of civilization in the Aegean.

In a work published in 1972, Professor Colin Renfrew approached the problem from a different viewpoint. He argued that the scanty available evidence for invasion or immigration from Anatolia into Greece in the early Bronze Age (about 3300-2200 B.C.E.) showed that, at most, such incursion was limited, and that it could not be regarded as responsible for the transformation of society there. Trade, though clearly documented, was also an inadequate explanation in itself. To understand the major changes in social organization and complexity that took place, it was necessary, said Renfrew, to determine the impact that new variables emerging in the early Bronze Age may have had on every interrelated aspect of the local social system. The two new major developments he considered were changes in the subsistence economy and the introduction of bronze metallurgy.

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A.Renfrew said that local variables affected the complex social organization of the early Bronze Age.

B.Renfrew said that the major changes in social organization could be understood only by examining the effects of the new developments that took place in the early Bronze Age.

C.The early Bronze Age, Renfrew said, was a time in which there were major changes to many interrelated aspects of local social systems.

D.To understand the social organization and complexity of the early Bronze Age, it was necessary, said Renfrew, first to determine what new variables had emerged.

The economy of Neolithic Greece was based on growing grains and raising sheep. Early in the third millennium B.C.E., cultivation of grape vines and olive trees also became important in southern Greece and the Aegean Islands. Both crops were eminently suitable for trade and storage in the form of olive oil and wine. They were grown on land that was not suitable for grain farming. Their cultivation required work at a different time of year from that needed by grain crops, and much of this work, such as harvesting, was relatively light. As a result, agricultural yields were substantially increased without disrupting established agricultural practice. That increase in turn allowed, or stimulated, population growth. For the first time there was enough demand for specialized crafts and services to justify the existence of full-time craftspeople, who could be supported from the extra agricultural output.

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