TPO57阅读真题+题目+答案下载：The Problem of Narrative Clarity in Silent Films

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TPO57阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Pests and Pesticides

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TPO57阅读真题+题目+答案下载：The Problem of Narrative Clarity in Silent Films

Beginning in 1904. American commercial filmmaking became increasingly oriented toward storytelling. Moreover, with the new emphasis on one-reel films, narratives became longer and necessitated a series of camera shots. Filmmakers faced the challenge of making story films that would be comprehensible to audiences. How could techniques of editing, camerawork, acting, and lighting be combined so as to clarify what was happening in a film? How could the spectator grasp where and when the action was occurring?

29. The word "necessitated" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. suggested

B. permitted

C. required

D. produced

30. Paragraph 1 implies that compared with later films, American films before 1904 were

A. less likely to be made for commercial reasons

B. less likely to be narrative films

C. more likely to combine editing, camerawork, acting and lighting

D. more likely to be filmed using multiple camera shots

Over the span of several years, filmmakers solved such problems. Sometimes they influenced each other, while at other times two filmmakers might happen on the same technique independently. Some devices were tried and abandoned. By 1917, filmmakers had worked out a system of formal principles that were standard in American filmmaking. That system has come to be called the classical Hollywood cinema. Despite that name, many of the basic principles of the system were being worked out before filmmaking was centered in Hollywood and, indeed, many of those principles were first tried in other countries. In the years before the First World War, film style was still largely international, since films circulated widely outside their country of origin.

31. The phrase "such problems" in the passage refers to

A. the new emphasis on one-reel films

B. a series of camera shots

C. ways to help spectators understand story films

D. techniques of editing, camerawork, acting, and lighting

32 According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true about the filmmaking style known as classical Hollywood cinema?

A. It consisted of devices that were tried elsewhere but abandoned.

B. Its principles were largely developed after 1917.

C. A great many international filmmakers adopted it after the First World War.

D. A large number of its principles were developed outside the United States.

The basic problem that confronted filmmakers early in the silent-movie era was that audiences could not understand the causal, spatial, and temporal relations in many films If the editing abruptly changed locales, the spectator might not grasp where the new action was occurring. An actor's elaborate pantomime might fail to convey the meaning of a crucial action. A review of a 1906 film lays out the problem：“Regardless of the fact that there are a number of good motion pictures brought out, it is true that there are some which, although photographically good, are poor because the manufacturer, being familiar with the picture and the plot, does not take into consideration that 。。。省略若干字！

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