TPO65阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Early Research on Air

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TPO65阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Early Research on Air

In the field of chemistry, the understanding of the word “air" has undergone radical change. Air for John Mayow, a seventeenth-century chemist, was essentially a receptacle for airborne particles, and through them manifested a variety of chemical properties.But although Mayow and a few other chemists did detect specific chemical properties in what we call gases (including our carbon dioxide), most chemists left them unaccounted for until the beginning of the eighteenth century.As chemists became aware that the atmosphere itself (and not just particles within it) had a role to play in combustion, respiration, and other reactions, they did not attribute this to the chemical properties of air but rather to substances that air could absorb and release according to circumstances.Thus, air provided a physical environment in which some reactions took place.

1. According to paragraph 1, John Mayow believed which of the fol lowing about air?

A. Air was not involved in chemical reactions such as combustion and respiration

B. The absorption and release of substances in the air depended on the gases in the atmosphere.

C. Carbon dioxide was the most important component of air and allowed chemical reactions to take place

D. The air had no chemical properties but contained particles that did.

In the early 1700s, the air was widely seen as just such an environment, and“air”and“the air”were one and the same thing. Chemists were not in the habit of regarding airs or gases as having different chemical properties. There was simply air. One obvious reason for this was practical Chemists could examine solids and liquids, exposing them to a variety of tests and seeing how they contributed to assorted reactions. Chemists had, however, no comparable way of examining air; and they came to view chemistry as the sum total of the reactions of solids and liquids, excluding gases. Chemists stressed chemical qualities over physical properties like weight and let physicists deal with air. Chemists generally did not examine air, and they did not try to weigh it. That does not mean that chemists did not weigh substances. They did a lot of weighing, and pharmacists and metallurgists did more. But weighing gases was outside their brief. In the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert, published between 1751 and 1775. readers were told that “the incoercibility of gases will remove them from our researches for a long time to come.”

2. What is the mam point of paragraph 2?

A. Diderot and d'Alembert were the first to recognize that gases were a third state of matter

B. Advances in pharmacy and metallurgy led to a better understanding of gases

C. Eady chemists had no tools for investigating the chemical properties of gases

D. By performing various tests on solids and liquids, chemists were able to better understand gases.

3. The word "comparable" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. Effective

B. equivalent

C. reliable

D. easy

4. The author includes the quotation from the Encyclopedia of Diderot and d'Alembert" in order to

A. support the argument that pharmacists and metallurgists were better at studying gases than chemists were

B. emphasize that chemists did not consider gases to be a subject for their study

C. suggest that physicists were no more concerned with gases than chemists were

D. argue that Diderot and cl' Alembert deliberately limited t he amount of research clone on gases

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