TPO65阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Pastoralism and Agriculture in Iran

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TPO65阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Pastoralism and Agriculture in Iran

Geographical constraints have had important consequences for the economy and society of Iran. Where rainfall is adequate, there are fertile valleys and grasslands suitable for grazing animals. However, since the natural vegetation tends to be sparse, it is difficult for such animals to remain in one place for any length of time. Thus nomadic pastoralism-keeping livestock (such as sheep and goats) by wandering from place to place-was one of the first and most persistent human economic activities to flourish in this area. This nomadic movement was often of the vertical variety, with people and animals moving from lowlands in wintertime to highlands in summer. The animals raised by the pastoralists provided not only food but also material for crafts such as the making of carpets, thick felt cloth, and tents. The pastoralists were typically organized into large tribal confederations capable of controlling the vast territories needed for maintaining their herds.

1.According to paragraph 1, pastoralists in Iran needed to move their animals for which of the following reasons?

A. Their herds were constantly growing in size

B. Much of the land was too steep to be used by all the grazing animals at once.

C. In any given place, the animals soon ran out of food

D. Many fertile valleys and grasslands could be reached only at certain times of the year

The tribes were a powerful social and political factor throughout Iranian history. The skills necessary for herding animals, hunting and chasing off predators, directing migrations, disciplining tribesmen, and protecting lands and animals from rivals could be easily adapted and directed toward military purposes as well. It was typically the tribes that produced the soldiers and rulers of the country and provided the power base for most of its dynasties. Once established, governments needed to cultivate the support of friendly tribal groups and tried to control hostile tribes by combat, deportation, or forcible settlement. At the beginning of the twentieth century, approximately one- fourth of the population were tribal peoples, and they were a potent force in Iranian affairs. With the advent of mechanized armies in the 1930s, however, there were systematic efforts to break the power of the tribes and to coerce the tribal population into a sedentary way of life. These efforts have been largely successful, and the tribes are no longer so significant a force in either the Iranian economy or society. Less than 5 percent of the population now consists of nomadic pastoralists.

2. According to paragraph 2, nomadic pastoralists were important in Iranian history for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

A. They produced rulers for Iran

B. They formed a significant proportion of the Iranian population.

C. They used the skills developed for nomadic pastoralism to support ruling dynasties

D. They helped make the transition in Iran from traditional to mechanized armies

3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the relationship between Iranian governments and the nomadic tribes?

A. Governments used soldiers from friendly tribes to combat tribes opposed to the government

B. Governments tried to increase the military power of the tribes.

C. Governments used the pastoral skills of tribesmen to benefit the governments' economic interests

D. Governments encouraged fighting amongst the tribes in order to limit tribal power.

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