TPO59阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Building Materials

TPO59阅读真题+题目+答案下载：Building Materials

[ Paragraph 1 ] It is difficult to exaggerate the rad ical change that the new industrial world of the nineteenth century brought to architectural materials Since the beginning of architectural history, the same basic substances had been employed. They were provided directly by nature and used in their natural or near-natural state, only cut, shaped, and dried into the functional forms of timbers, stone blocks, and clay bricks. The exceptions were lime mortar and Roman concrete. Metals, which had the tensile strength t hat masonry materials lacked, were employed in minor and supplementary ways. Bronze was expensive as well as brittle Iron, the structurally more important metal, was available in limited quantities and uneven quality, and was too easily converted to rust by the elements. It was, therefore, restricted in use to things such as tie-rods and chains, and, along with bronze, to masonry clamps and decoration. Prior to the nineteenth century, the structural presence of iron in architecture was scarcely noticeable.

1. According to paragraph 1, building materials in use before the nineteenth century were

A. not significantly changed from their natural forms

B. strong and durable

C. too expensive to use on a large scale

D. eventually replaced by lime mortar and Roman concrete

2、in paragraph 1,the author discusses the properties of bronze and iron in order to

A. contrast the qualities of bronze with those of iron

B. explain why metals were not widely used in architecture before industrialization

C. provide a reason why industrialization rad ically changed architectural materials

D. demonstrate that decorative materials were used in architecture before industrializat ion

[ Paragraph 2] The Industrial Revolution changed all that Iron materials became available in such large quantities that they could play far more than a minor architectural role In 1800, the world production of iron stood at 825,000 tons, by 1830 it was 1,825.000 tons, and nearly 40,000,000 in 1900-an increase of almost SO-fo ld over the century. The growth was not only in quantity, but quality as well. Iron, found bount ifully in Earth' s crust as an oxide, is a material of almost protean variability It is not simply pure or impure, but can be made hard or soft, brittle or ductile, strong or weak. These qualities depend on carbon content, freedom from impurities (slag), and heating and cooling treatments of the refined metal. Traditionally, three versions existed: cast iron, wrought iron, and steel. Cast iron is the crudest form, containing the most impurities and thus being extremely brittle. Wrought iron, because it includes almost no carbon, is highly malleable (hence its name), but also comparatively soft. The optimum material is steel, which incorporates a restricted amount of carbon for hardness but is otherwise free of impurities, giving it great strength, and which, as a result of tempering t reatments, is also malleable.

3. According to paragraph 2, how did iron production change during the Industrial Revolution?

A. As the level of production dramatically increased, the quality of the fin ished product became more and more variable

B. New, higher-quality sources of iron were discovered in Earth 's crust.

C. The distinction between pure and impure iron was replaced by distinctions among cast iron, wrought iron, and steel

D. Better iron was produced through heating and cooling treatments, control of carbon content, and purification of the metal

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